Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y2 - CNS > Lecture 1 - Topography > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Topography Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main parts to the CNS?

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Brainstem and cerebellum
Spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the main functions of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

Higher function
Motor and sensory (conscious)
Emotion
Memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the main function of the brainstem and cerebellum?

A

Communication via cranial nerves

Cerebellum = motor sequencing and coordination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the main functions of the spinal cord?

A

Ascending sensory and descending motor pathways
Spinal reflex arcs
Control of upper and lower limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes up grey matter?

A

Cell bodies and dendrites with rich blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is grey matter called in the PNS?

A

Ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a ganglion?

What is its equivalent in the CNS?

A

Collection of cell bodies

Grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the general function of grey matter/ganglia?

A

Where computation/processing occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What makes up white matter?

A

Mainly myelinated (+some non myelinated) axons with NO cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of white matter?

A

Act as pathways which connects areas of grey matter together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the equivalent of white matter in the PNS?

A

A nerve/root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How many segments make up the spinal cord?

A

31 segments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does each of the 31 spinal cord segments supply?

A

A Dermatome and myotome on each side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a Dermatome?

A

A region of skin who’s sensation is supplied by a single specific spinal nerve root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a myotome?

A

A group of muscles supplied by a single spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is the grey and white matter positioned in the brain?

A

Grey matter peripheral
White matter central

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is the grey and white matter positioned in the spinal cord?

A

Central core = grey matter
Outer shell = white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the structure of a spinal nerve?

A

Made up of a sensory and motor spinal nerve root (it’s mixed)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which spinal nerve root is the sensory spinal nerve root?

Ventral or dorsal?

A

Dorsal root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which spinal nerve root is the motor spinal nerve root?

Ventral or dorsal?

A

Ventral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is the lesion likely to be if a patient suffers a sensory deficit in the L4 Dermatome?

A

At the L4 dorsal root or spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where is the lesion likely to be if there a sensory deficit across multiple Dermatomes/segments?

A

Cord lesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 3 different types of structures of white matter in the spinal cord?

A

Funiculus
Tract
Fasciculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a funiculus?

A

Large block of white matter containing multiple distinct pathways which both ascend and descend (sensory and motor so impulses go in both directions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a tract?

A

White matter pathways that connect 2 distinct regions of grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which direction do impulses travel in a tract?

A

Single direction only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the spinothalamic tract connect?

A

Spinal cord dorsal horn to thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the corticospinal tract connect?

A

Cerebral cortex to spinal cord ventral horn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a fasciculus?

A

Subdivision of a tract that supplies a distinct body region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the gracile fasciculus?

A

Subdivision of dorsal column tract supplying lower half of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the cuneate fasciculus?

A

Subdivision of dorsal column tract supplying upper half of body BUT NOT THE HEAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

How are the cell bodies of spinal cord grey matter arranged?

A

Cell columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Collection of functionally related cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a cortex?

A

Folded sheet of cell bodies/grey matter found on the surface of the brain (cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a fibre?

A

An axon in association with its supporting cells (axon+multiple Schwann cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What do association fibre connect?

A

Cortical regions within a hemisphere (parts on same side)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do the commisural fibres connect?

Give an example:

A

The hemispheres

Corpuscle callosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the key functions of the midbrain?

A

Eye movement (Oculomotor and trochlea)
Reflex response to visual and auditory stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are some key structures of the midbrain?

A

Oculomotor nucleus
Edinger-Westphal nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the main functions of the pons?

How to remember this?

A

Feeding
Sleep

Once you’ve had a good feed you want to sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What cranial nerve is important in feeding from the pons?

A

Circuits involving Trigeminal nerve

42
Q

What part of the pons does the Trigeminal nerve exit from?

A

Lateral aspect

43
Q

What is locked in syndrome?

A

When the corticospinal fibres that travel ventrally from the pons can get damaged from basilar artery occlusion

44
Q

What structure does the pons sit inferior to?

What is the danger of this?

A

Fourth ventricle

Can get compressed if the 4th ventricle expands

45
Q

What regions in the pons are important for sleep?

A

Reticular formation (grey matter) regions

46
Q

What are medullary pyramids?

A

Area of descending motor fibres
Made of white matter , ventral swellings on each side contains corticospinal fibres from the Ipsilateral hemisphere

47
Q

What part of the brain contains the gracile and cuneate nuclei?

What type of matter are these?

A

Medulla

Grey matter

48
Q

What part of the brain contains the improtant nuclei for cardio respiratory homeostasis?

A

Medulla

49
Q

What is the substantia nigra?

A

Grey matter part of the midbrain containing dopaminergic neurones that go to the striatum

50
Q

What is the Oculomotor nucleus and where is it found?

A

Grey matter in the midbrain that contains lower motor neurone cell bodies that project through the Oculomotor nerve to all except 2 of the extra ocular muscles

51
Q

What is the edinger Westphal nucleus and where is it?

A

Grey matter containing parasympathetic Preganglionic neurones that project to the ciliary ganglion/body in the orbit to cause pupil constriction

52
Q

What are the names of the dips and bulges on the brain?

A

Gyri = raised bulge of cerebral cortex
Sulci = valley between adjacent gyri

53
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Large groove between adjacent hemispheres

54
Q

What is the central sulcus? (What does it separate)?

A

Separates pre central and post central gyri running from the temporal lobe up to the midline

55
Q

What is the function of the pre central gyrus?

A

Primary Motor cortex which is anterior to the central sulcus

56
Q

What is the function of the post central gyrus?

A

Primary sensory context posterior to the central sulcus

57
Q

What is the lateral fissure?

A

Separates temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

58
Q

What is the function of the calcarine sulcus?

A

Key landmark in the visual system
The primary visual cortex surrounds this

59
Q

Where is the calcarine sulcus located?

What structure surrounds it?

A

Visual cortex

60
Q

What visual field is supplied by the visual cortex above the calcarine sulcus?

A

Contralateral inferior field

61
Q

What visual field is supplied by the visual cortex below the calcarine sulcus?

A

Contralateral superior visual field

62
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

Site where fibres in the visual system cross over

63
Q

What is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

A

Sepearates parietal from occipital lobes

64
Q

What is the uncus and what is its important role?

A

Part of temporal lobe that can herniate below the tentorium cerebelli compressing the midbrain

Important olfactory role
Occulomotor nerve often damaged

65
Q

What is the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

Part of the medial temporal lobe that provides input to the underlying hippocampus

Key cortical region for memory encoding

66
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Fibres connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres

67
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Sensory relay station projecting to sensory cortex

68
Q

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?

A

Cortical area important for emotion and memory

69
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Essential centre for homeostasis

70
Q

What is the fornix?

A

Major output pathway from the hippocampus

71
Q

Where is the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

Found in the wall of the third ventricle

Thalamus just below corpus callosum
Hypothalamus just below thalamus

72
Q

What is the tectum?
Where is it found?

A

Posterior part of the midbrain involves in involuntary responses to auditory and visual stimuli

73
Q

What/where are the cerebellar tonsils?

A

Found on the inferior aspect of the cerebellum that can herniate down through the Foramen magnum in cases of raised intracranial pressure which can lead to death due to cardio respiratory compromise through compression of the medulla

74
Q

What are the hollow cavities in the brain called?

A

Brain ventricles

75
Q

What is produced int he ventricles?

A

CSF

76
Q

What produces the CSF in the ventricles?

A

Choroid plexus

77
Q

How much CSF is made by the choroid plexus per day?

A

600ml to 700ml

78
Q

What are the functions of CSF?

A

Metabolic (glucose and hormones containing)

Mechanical (shock absorption)

79
Q

What does the CSF circulate through and where does it get reabsorbed?

A

Ventricular system and subarachnoid space

Reabsorbed at the arachnoid granulations

80
Q

What sinus do the arachnoid granulations project into?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

81
Q

What structure drains CSF from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?

A

Cerebral aqueduct

82
Q

What drains CSF from the fourth ventricle?

A

Lateral and median apertures

83
Q

Where does CSF drain into from the lateral ventricles and interventricular Foramen?

A

To third ventricle

84
Q

What occurs as a result of blockage of the ventricular system?

A

Upstream dilatation and potential damage to structures surrounding the dilated ventricles

85
Q

Where is the most common site for ventricular system occlusions?

A

Blockage of cerebral aqueduct

86
Q

What would be affected by blockage of the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Dilatation of the lateral and third ventricles but with a normal fourth ventricle

87
Q

Where is the cingulate gyrus? (Images on last slide)

What is its function?

A

Image 4

Cortical area important for emotion and memory

88
Q

Where is the central sulcus located (on images on last slide)?

Where is the primary motor cortex and then the primary sensory cortex?

A

Image 1

Primary motor cortex = anterior to sulcus (pre central gyrus)

Primary sensory cortex = posterior to sulcus (post central gyrus)

89
Q

Where is the parieto-occipital sulcus on the images?

What structure surrounds this?

A

Image 5

Primary visual cortex

90
Q

Where is the lateral fissure on the images?

A

Image 8

91
Q

What is the function of projection fibres?

A

Connect cerebral hemispheres with the cord/brainstem and vice verse

92
Q

Around what vertebral level does the spinal cord become the cauda equina?

A

L1

93
Q

What is the shape of the grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

Central butterfly shape

94
Q

What are the 2 large c shaped ventricles in the cerebrum of the brain?

A

Lateral ventricles

95
Q

What is the order of CSF drainage in the brain?

A

Lateral ventricles
Interventricular Foramen drains them to the 3rd ventricle
3rd ventricle drains into the 4th ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle drains to the median and lateral apertures which then enters into the subarachnoid space then into the arachnoid granulations in the superior Sagittal sinus into venous blood

96
Q

What is the term given to dilated brain ventricles?

A

Hydrocephalus

97
Q

What is a seizure?

A

Uncontrolled electrical activity in the cortex of the brain

98
Q

How do seizures start at one point in the body then end up spreading?

A

The uncontrolled electrical activity will spread from the area it originated in the homunculus along the homunculus to the next adjacent section therefore affecting the other parts of the body

99
Q

What is the homunculus and where is it located?

A

It represents the motor and sensory distribution along the central sulcus part of the cortex of the brain

100
Q

Why does Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP) in maternal circulation indicate a Fetal anomaly?

A

AFP should only be found in the fetus
If its found in maternal circulation it shows its somehow leaking out which could indicate a defect like a neural tube defect

101
Q

Why is gadolinium a good contrast agent for brain tumour MRIs?

A

It accumulates in tumours since tumours have lots of leaky blood vessels

Y2 - CNS (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions