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Final > Lecture 22 Repiratory infections > Flashcards

Lecture 22 Repiratory infections Flashcards

1
Q

How are respiratory infections usually transmitted?

A

Airborne transmission (droplets between humans

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2
Q

What are the portals of entry for respiratory infections?(3)

A

Conjunctiva(eye); Nose; mouth

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3
Q

Structures commonly involved in Lower Respiratory Tract (LRT): (5)

A

Larynx (voice box); Bronchi; Bronchioles; Alveoli; Pleura (membranes surrounding lungs)

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4
Q

Structures commonly involved in Upper Respiratory Tract (URT):

A

Conjunctiva(eye); Tear ducts (nasolacrimal duct); Middle ear; Sinuses; Mastoid air cell; Nose; Throat

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5
Q

What defenses do our bodies have to protect against respiratory tract infections?

A

Mucociliary escalator: Mucus;Goblet cells;Cilia

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6
Q

Rheumatic fever

A

Inflammation and damage of tissue in joints; heart; skin and brain; Onset occurs 3 weeks after recovery from strep throat;Pathogenesis is poorly understood.

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7
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases (3)

A

Strep Throat; Common cold; Otitis media (middle ear infections)

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8
Q

Strep Throat (Streptococcal Pharyngitis) Etiology; Pathogenesis; Symptoms

A
  1. Etiology : Group A Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS) (Gram+ coccus); ?-hemolytic 2. Pathogenesis Strep throat and possible complications caused by virulence factors; inc. toxins 3. Symptoms : Sore throat; Difficulty swallowing; Fever; Redness in throat; Patches of pus; Enlarged and swollen lymph nodes in neck
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9
Q

Strep Throat (Streptococcal Pharyngitis) Epidemiolody; Treamtment; Prevention and complications

A
  1. Epidemiology Transmitted by direct contact; droplets; ingestion of contaminated food; Seasonal; (winter and spring); Asymptomatic carriers 5. Treatment Penicillin or erythromycin(10 days) 6. Prevention Avoidance of crowding; adequate ventilation 7. Possible complications ; Scarlet fever; Rheumatic fever
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10
Q

Common cold Etiology

A

> 100 types of rhinoviruses (30-50%);Other viruses; Sometimes bacteria (10%)

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11
Q

Common cold Pathogenesis

A

Infected cells die and slough; Sloughed cells stimulate nasal secretions; swelling and sneezing

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12
Q

Common cold Epidemiology

A

Viruses specific to humans; Americans have on average 2-3 colds a year; Transmitted by inhalation of airborne droplets; contact with nasal secretions; Seasonal (winter)

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13
Q

Common cold Treatment

A

Self-limiting within 1 week

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14
Q

Common cold Prevention

A

not practical; hand washing and keeping hands away from face; not having people cough on you

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15
Q

Otitis media (middle ear infections) Etiology and Pathogenesis

A

Etiology Streptococcus pneumoniae (Gram+ coccus); Hemophilus influenzae (Gram- rod); Other bacteria ; Some viruses Pathogenesis Often associated with nasal infection; Pressure behind eardrum

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16
Q

Otitis media (middle ear infections) Symptoms and Epidemiology

A

1)Symptoms Pain in eardrum; bulging eardrum 2)Epidemiology Asymptomatic carriers 85% of people get 1 ear infection a year

17
Q

Otitis media (middle ear infections) Treatment and Prevention

A

1)Treatment Tubes if recurrent 2)Prevention influenza vaccines Removal of adenoids

18
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract diseases 3

A

Pneumonia; Tuberculosis; Influenza

19
Q

Pneumonia Etiology

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Gram+ coccus): pneumococcal pneumonia-most common Other bacteria inc. Mycoplasma pneumoniae: walking pneumonia; Various viruses; fungi

20
Q

Pneumonia Pathogenesis

A

Infection develops when bacteria are inhaled into alveoli; Fluid; inflammation in alveoli

21
Q

Pneumonia Symptoms and Epidemiology

A

1)Symptoms- Cough; Fever; Chest pain; Sputum production 2)Epidemiology - Disease of immune compromise; Asymptomatic carriers; Damage to mucociliary elevator allows bacteria to reach lungs

22
Q

Pneumonia Prevention and Treatment

A

1)Prevention Polysaccharide vaccine; Prevention is aided by vaccine; Gives immunity to 23 strains; Conjugate vaccine against 7 types is available for infants 2)Treatment: Antibiotic treatment is generally successful if given early;Penicillin and erythromycin; More strains are becoming antibiotic resistant

23
Q

Pneumonia Possible complications

A

Septicemia; Endocarditis; Meningiti

24
Q

Tuberculosis Etiology

A

Tuberculosis Etiology - Mycobacterium tuberculosis (acid-fast rod)(Stains Red) ;Slow growth (12 hrs. generation time); Mycolic acid(resistant to most treatment)

25
Q

Tuberculosis Pathogenesis

A

Tuberculosis Pathogenesis - Usually contracted by inhalation of airborne organisms; Bacteria are taken up by pulmonary macrophages in the lungs; Resists destruction within phagocyte; Organism prevents the fusion of phagosome with lysosomes; allows multiplication in protected vacuole; Granuloma or tubercle;Caseous necrosis ;Cavitations; Death if disseminated

26
Q

Tuberculosis Symptoms

A

Tuberculosis Symptoms Chronic illness; Symptoms include Slight fever with night sweats; Progressive weight loss ; Chronic productive cough; Sputum often blood streaked

27
Q

Tuberculosis Symptoms

A

Tuberculosis Epidemiology Disease of poverty; immune compromise (esp. patients with AIDS); Estimated 1/3 of world is infected; inc. 10 million Americans; Latent TB vs. active (or reactivated) TB

28
Q

Tuberculosis Diagnosis

A

Tuberculosis Diagnosis Tuberculin test; Radiograph; Sputum test

29
Q

Tuberculosis Treatment

A

Tuberculosis Treatment Combination therapy with first-line drugs (isoniazid and rifampin) for at least 6 months; Multiple drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) require longer treatment with second-line drugs; DOT (directly observed therapy); Newer drugs in development

30
Q

Tuberculosis Prevention

A

Tuberculosis Prevention BCG vaccine; Improve living standards

31
Q

Antigenic drift v. shift

A

Drift: seasonal influenza Shift: severe epidemic outbreaks IE Spanish influenza (1918-1919) killed over 40 million people

32
Q

Influenza Etiology Influenza

A

A virus; Hemagglutinin Ag (H); Neuramidase Ag (N)

33
Q

Influenza Pathogenesis

A

Infected cells die and slough

34
Q

Influenza Treatment

A

Usually self-limiting within 1 week; Anti-virals ;Prevent viral uncoating: Amantidine and rimantidine; Neuramidase inhibitors: Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza)

35
Q

Influenza Prevention

A

Influenza Prevention- Inactivated: >6 months; Attenuated intranasal (FluMist): 2-49 years; Three strains predicted ;6-9 months to create 70-90% effective due to immune response and accuracy of match

36
Q

Influenza Possible complications

A

; Secondary infections can lead to pneumonia; Death; even in healthy people (10;000-40;000 deaths/year)

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