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Antimicrobial medications Flashcards

1
Q

Three types of medications

A

Antimicrobial Antibiotic and Antiviral

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2
Q

Antimicrobial medications

A

Drug that inhibits growth of or kills microorganisms 1) antibacterial 2) antifungal 3) antiprotozoal

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3
Q

Salvarsan

A

First chemotherapeutic agent; developed by Paul Erlich (1910). Used to treat syphilis

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4
Q

Streptomyces (TEST)

A

1st antibiotic from a BACTERIAL sources of the antibiotic

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5
Q

Antibiotic

A

A compound naturally produced by molds or bacteria that inhibits the growth of or kills other microorganisms. Like penicillin

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6
Q

Penicillin

A

Penicillin mold inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus discovered by alexander Fleming decreased deaths from infections in WWII

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7
Q

Antiviral

A

A drug that interferes with viral replication Like Tamiflu Tamiflu-an antiviral that prevents virus particles from being released from infected cells

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8
Q

8 Features of antimicrobial drugs

A

Selective toxity; Antimicrobial action; Spectrum of activity; Tissue distribution; Effect of drug combinations; Adverse Side effects; Resistance; Cost

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9
Q
  1. Selective toxicity to microbes
A

Antibiotics cause greater harm to microorganisms than to human host

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10
Q

Therapeutic index

A

Toxicity of drug is expressed as therapeutic index[Lowest dose toxic to patient] / [Dose typically used for treatment]

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11
Q

Is it better have a high or low Therapeutic index?

A

High therapeutic index = less toxic to patient

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12
Q

Antimicrobial action Kill:

A

bacteriocidal:Bacteriocidal drugs are useful in situations when host defenses cannot be relied upon to control pathogen

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13
Q

Antimicrobial action that Inhibit:

A

bacteriostatic: Bacteriostatic drugs rely on host immunity to eliminate pathogen

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14
Q

Spectrum of activity in drugs

A

Broad Vs. Narrow spectrum: Narrow spectrum: Work on narrow range of organisms. ex. Gram-positive only OR Gram-negative only. Broad spectrum: Work on broad range of organisms. Disadvantage of broad spectrum is disruption of normal flora

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15
Q
  1. Tissue distribution; metabolism and excretion of drugs
A

Drugs differ in how they are distributed; metabolized and excreted. Rate of elimination of drug from body expressed in half-life . Patients with liver or kidney damage tend to excrete drugs more slowly

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16
Q

Effects of drug combinations (3)

A

1) Synergistic 2) Antagonistic 3) additive

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17
Q

Synergistic drug combinations

A

action of one drug enhances another

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18
Q

Antagonistic drug combinations

A

: action of one drug interferes with another

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19
Q

Additive drug combinations

A

effect of combination is neither synergistic or antagonistic

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20
Q

Adverse side effects of drugs 3

A

1) Allergic reactions 2)Toxic effects 3)Suppression of normal flora

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21
Q

Resistance 2 types:

A

Innate: features of the bacterium provide resistance to antibacterial drugs. Acquired(adaptive) previously sensitive population become resistant through genetic change

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22
Q

5 Mechanisms of action of Antibacterial Drugs

A

1) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis 2) Interference with plasma membrane 3) Inhibition of protein synthesis 4) Inhibition of metabolic pathways 5) Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

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23
Q

3 Categories of drugs that Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

A

?-lactam drugs (penicillin’s/Cephalosporin’s 2) Vancomycin 3) Bacitracin

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24
Q

?-lactam drugs

A

Inhibit w/ peptide chains

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25
What structure do ?-lactam drugs have in common?
B lactam ring 4 memory ring CH-CH-N-C (= O)
26
?-lactam drugs Where do they come from?
From funguses
27
a. Penicillin
Penicillin is naturally produced by the fungus; Penicllium chrysogenum
28
How do ?-lactam drugs(penicillin) inhibit cell wall synthesis? And how does it effect the cell.
Inhibit penicillin-binding proteins (enzymes that form peptide bridges between adjacent glycan strands) Result: no PG formation ->cell lysis Thus begin better at gram + cells
29
What is the same among penicillin derivatives? (draw the basic structure) What differs among them?
They have the same Beta Lactam ring but different side chains which make derivatives have broaden spectra; resist destruction
30
Cephalosporin's
Come from Acremonim cephalosporium and are more resistant to Beta lactamases and work better against Gram (-) bacteria
31
Vanomycin
Treat serious gram (+) infection resistant to Beta Lactam drugs
32
Bacitracin
Used in topical antibiotic ointments against Gram positive Bacteria
33
Interference with plasma membrane Mechanism 2
1) Polymyxin B(Polymixn B most common) - Causes membrane to become leaky against Gram positive 2)Daptomycin Inserts into membrane; kills cell Gram negative
34
Inhibition of protein synthesis Mechanism/Spectrum and Toxicity
Attaching to subunits of 70 ribosome 2) Most are bacteriostatic 3) Broad spectrum except macrolides/new drugs 4) Could be a concern about toxicity because we have 70s ribosomes in our MC
35
3 types of protein synthesis (Class of drugs)
1)Aminoglycosides 2)Tetracycline's 3)Macrolides
36
a. Aminoglycosides
Block the start of translation and cause the misreading of mRNA
37
b. Tetracycline's
Block the attachment of tRNA to the ribosome
38
c. Macrolides
Prevent The continuation of protein synthesis
39
Drugs that Inhibition of metabolic pathways Characteristics
1) Relatively Few 2) Most useful are folate inhibitors 3) Broad spectrum 4) Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim
40
Drugs that Inhibition of metabolic pathways 2. Types and Use
a. Sulfonamides (sulfas)(PABA enzyme #1 inhibitor b. Trimethoprim Enzyme #3 inhibit often prescribes best together against urinary tract infection and synergist effects
41
Drugs that Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis Mechanism and Spectrum/ Toxicity?
1) disrupt DNA replication and transcription 2) bactericidal 3) Broad Spectrum 4 Toxic to nervous system/tendons and Normal flora
42
2. Types Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
1) Flouroquinolones 2) Rifamycins
43
a. Fluoroquinolones
Bind to DNA Gyrase prevent DNA from unwinding
44
b. Rifamycins
Bind to prokaryotic DNA polymerase
45
3 Strategies determining susceptibity for fighting infections
1) Trail and Error drug Therapy 2) Give several different drugs at once 3) Determine susceptibly to drugs
46
Determining susceptibility and Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
Lowest concentration of a drug needed to prevent growth in vitro is determined through experimentation of concentration in test tubes
47
Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test and 4 Steps
A quick and dirty method of calculating inhibitory concentration 1) Spread standard concentration of bacteria on plate 2) Place antibiotic-disks on surface 3) Zone of inhibition 4) Chart to correlate size to susceptibility
48
E test Used for and Pro/cons
Is used to calculator MIC by having strips with carrying amount of concentration of antibiotic (Is more precise but more expensive)
49
Broth dilution test
Most accurate and precise and most Expensive uses and automated test wells with differant concentration the automatically measure of turbidity
50
4 Mechanisms of acquired resistance
1) drug inactivating enzymes 2) alteration in target molecule 3) Decreased uptake to drug 4) increased elimination of drug
51
Acquired Resistance and Drug-inactivating enzymes
Enzyme modifies drug inactivating it
52
Acquired Resistance and Alteration in target molecule
Drug cannot bind target
53
Acquired Resistance and Decreased uptake of drug
Proin proteins prevent entry into the cell
54
Acquired Resistance and Increased elimination of drug
Drug enters cell but get pumped back out
55
Two types of Acquisition of Resistance
1) Spontaneous mutation (Vertical evolution) and 2)Gene transfer (Horizontal evolution)
56
Examples of emerging resistance 3
Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) 2) Methicillin resistant S. Aureus(MRSA) 3) Multiple drug resistant TB (MDR-TB)
57
Responsibilities of healthcare workers Slowing the spread of resistance
Try to find the right causative use; inform patients of correct dosage and to take full course; not giving antibodics for viruses
58
2. Responsibilities of patients
Not asking for antibodies and following instructions
59
3. Importance of an educated public
Using antibodies properly; voting with wallet's; political activism (restricting antibodies)
60
4. Global impacts
Animal Feed and availablity of over the counter antibiotics
61
Antiviral drugs Mechanisms
Not any antiviral drugs; 1) Inhibit viral uncoating 2)inhibit nucleic acid synthesis(reverse transcriptstus) 3) in inhibit assembly and release of viral particles and intergrase inhibitors
62
Antifungal drugs What is problematic about systemic antifungal drugs? What is a common target of antifungal drug action
Very similar to human cells. More for topical use. They inhibit synthesis of ergosterol in plasma membrane (not in humans)

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