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Final > Antimicrobial medications > Flashcards

Antimicrobial medications Flashcards

1
Q

Three types of medications

A

Antimicrobial Antibiotic and Antiviral

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2
Q

Antimicrobial medications

A

Drug that inhibits growth of or kills microorganisms 1) antibacterial 2) antifungal 3) antiprotozoal

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3
Q

Salvarsan

A

First chemotherapeutic agent; developed by Paul Erlich (1910). Used to treat syphilis

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4
Q

Streptomyces (TEST)

A

1st antibiotic from a BACTERIAL sources of the antibiotic

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5
Q

Antibiotic

A

A compound naturally produced by molds or bacteria that inhibits the growth of or kills other microorganisms. Like penicillin

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6
Q

Penicillin

A

Penicillin mold inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus discovered by alexander Fleming decreased deaths from infections in WWII

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7
Q

Antiviral

A

A drug that interferes with viral replication Like Tamiflu Tamiflu-an antiviral that prevents virus particles from being released from infected cells

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8
Q

8 Features of antimicrobial drugs

A

Selective toxity; Antimicrobial action; Spectrum of activity; Tissue distribution; Effect of drug combinations; Adverse Side effects; Resistance; Cost

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9
Q
  1. Selective toxicity to microbes
A

Antibiotics cause greater harm to microorganisms than to human host

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10
Q

Therapeutic index

A

Toxicity of drug is expressed as therapeutic index[Lowest dose toxic to patient] / [Dose typically used for treatment]

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11
Q

Is it better have a high or low Therapeutic index?

A

High therapeutic index = less toxic to patient

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12
Q

Antimicrobial action Kill:

A

bacteriocidal:Bacteriocidal drugs are useful in situations when host defenses cannot be relied upon to control pathogen

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13
Q

Antimicrobial action that Inhibit:

A

bacteriostatic: Bacteriostatic drugs rely on host immunity to eliminate pathogen

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14
Q

Spectrum of activity in drugs

A

Broad Vs. Narrow spectrum: Narrow spectrum: Work on narrow range of organisms. ex. Gram-positive only OR Gram-negative only. Broad spectrum: Work on broad range of organisms. Disadvantage of broad spectrum is disruption of normal flora

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15
Q
  1. Tissue distribution; metabolism and excretion of drugs
A

Drugs differ in how they are distributed; metabolized and excreted. Rate of elimination of drug from body expressed in half-life . Patients with liver or kidney damage tend to excrete drugs more slowly

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16
Q

Effects of drug combinations (3)

A

1) Synergistic 2) Antagonistic 3) additive

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17
Q

Synergistic drug combinations

A

action of one drug enhances another

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18
Q

Antagonistic drug combinations

A

: action of one drug interferes with another

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19
Q

Additive drug combinations

A

effect of combination is neither synergistic or antagonistic

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20
Q

Adverse side effects of drugs 3

A

1) Allergic reactions 2)Toxic effects 3)Suppression of normal flora

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21
Q

Resistance 2 types:

A

Innate: features of the bacterium provide resistance to antibacterial drugs. Acquired(adaptive) previously sensitive population become resistant through genetic change

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22
Q

5 Mechanisms of action of Antibacterial Drugs

A

1) Inhibition of cell wall synthesis 2) Interference with plasma membrane 3) Inhibition of protein synthesis 4) Inhibition of metabolic pathways 5) Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

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23
Q

3 Categories of drugs that Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

A

?-lactam drugs (penicillin’s/Cephalosporin’s 2) Vancomycin 3) Bacitracin

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24
Q

?-lactam drugs

A

Inhibit w/ peptide chains

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25
Q

What structure do ?-lactam drugs have in common?

A

B lactam ring 4 memory ring CH-CH-N-C (= O)

26
Q

?-lactam drugs Where do they come from?

A

From funguses

27
Q

a. Penicillin

A

Penicillin is naturally produced by the fungus; Penicllium chrysogenum

28
Q

How do ?-lactam drugs(penicillin) inhibit cell wall synthesis? And how does it effect the cell.

A

Inhibit penicillin-binding proteins (enzymes that form peptide bridges between adjacent glycan strands) Result: no PG formation ->cell lysis Thus begin better at gram + cells

29
Q

What is the same among penicillin derivatives? (draw the basic structure) What differs among them?

A

They have the same Beta Lactam ring but different side chains which make derivatives have broaden spectra; resist destruction

30
Q

Cephalosporin’s

A

Come from Acremonim cephalosporium and are more resistant to Beta lactamases and work better against Gram (-) bacteria

31
Q

Vanomycin

A

Treat serious gram (+) infection resistant to Beta Lactam drugs

32
Q

Bacitracin

A

Used in topical antibiotic ointments against Gram positive Bacteria

33
Q

Interference with plasma membrane Mechanism 2

A

1) Polymyxin B(Polymixn B most common) - Causes membrane to become leaky against Gram positive 2)Daptomycin Inserts into membrane; kills cell Gram negative

34
Q

Inhibition of protein synthesis Mechanism/Spectrum and Toxicity

A

Attaching to subunits of 70 ribosome 2) Most are bacteriostatic 3) Broad spectrum except macrolides/new drugs 4) Could be a concern about toxicity because we have 70s ribosomes in our MC

35
Q

3 types of protein synthesis (Class of drugs)

A

1)Aminoglycosides 2)Tetracycline’s 3)Macrolides

36
Q

a. Aminoglycosides

A

Block the start of translation and cause the misreading of mRNA

37
Q

b. Tetracycline’s

A

Block the attachment of tRNA to the ribosome

38
Q

c. Macrolides

A

Prevent The continuation of protein synthesis

39
Q

Drugs that Inhibition of metabolic pathways Characteristics

A

1) Relatively Few 2) Most useful are folate inhibitors 3) Broad spectrum 4) Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim

40
Q

Drugs that Inhibition of metabolic pathways 2. Types and Use

A

a. Sulfonamides (sulfas)(PABA enzyme #1 inhibitor b. Trimethoprim Enzyme #3 inhibit often prescribes best together against urinary tract infection and synergist effects

41
Q

Drugs that Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis Mechanism and Spectrum/ Toxicity?

A

1) disrupt DNA replication and transcription 2) bactericidal 3) Broad Spectrum 4 Toxic to nervous system/tendons and Normal flora

42
Q
  1. Types Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis
A

1) Flouroquinolones 2) Rifamycins

43
Q

a. Fluoroquinolones

A

Bind to DNA Gyrase prevent DNA from unwinding

44
Q

b. Rifamycins

A

Bind to prokaryotic DNA polymerase

45
Q

3 Strategies determining susceptibity for fighting infections

A

1) Trail and Error drug Therapy 2) Give several different drugs at once 3) Determine susceptibly to drugs

46
Q

Determining susceptibility and Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

A

Lowest concentration of a drug needed to prevent growth in vitro is determined through experimentation of concentration in test tubes

47
Q

Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test and 4 Steps

A

A quick and dirty method of calculating inhibitory concentration 1) Spread standard concentration of bacteria on plate 2) Place antibiotic-disks on surface 3) Zone of inhibition 4) Chart to correlate size to susceptibility

48
Q

E test Used for and Pro/cons

A

Is used to calculator MIC by having strips with carrying amount of concentration of antibiotic (Is more precise but more expensive)

49
Q

Broth dilution test

A

Most accurate and precise and most Expensive uses and automated test wells with differant concentration the automatically measure of turbidity

50
Q

4 Mechanisms of acquired resistance

A

1) drug inactivating enzymes 2) alteration in target molecule 3) Decreased uptake to drug 4) increased elimination of drug

51
Q

Acquired Resistance and Drug-inactivating enzymes

A

Enzyme modifies drug inactivating it

52
Q

Acquired Resistance and Alteration in target molecule

A

Drug cannot bind target

53
Q

Acquired Resistance and Decreased uptake of drug

A

Proin proteins prevent entry into the cell

54
Q

Acquired Resistance and Increased elimination of drug

A

Drug enters cell but get pumped back out

55
Q

Two types of Acquisition of Resistance

A

1) Spontaneous mutation (Vertical evolution) and 2)Gene transfer (Horizontal evolution)

56
Q

Examples of emerging resistance 3

A

Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) 2) Methicillin resistant S. Aureus(MRSA) 3) Multiple drug resistant TB (MDR-TB)

57
Q

Responsibilities of healthcare workers Slowing the spread of resistance

A

Try to find the right causative use; inform patients of correct dosage and to take full course; not giving antibodics for viruses

58
Q
  1. Responsibilities of patients
A

Not asking for antibodies and following instructions

59
Q
  1. Importance of an educated public
A

Using antibodies properly; voting with wallet’s; political activism (restricting antibodies)

60
Q
  1. Global impacts
A

Animal Feed and availablity of over the counter antibiotics

61
Q

Antiviral drugs Mechanisms

A

Not any antiviral drugs; 1) Inhibit viral uncoating 2)inhibit nucleic acid synthesis(reverse transcriptstus) 3) in inhibit assembly and release of viral particles and intergrase inhibitors

62
Q

Antifungal drugs What is problematic about systemic antifungal drugs? What is a common target of antifungal drug action

A

Very similar to human cells. More for topical use. They inhibit synthesis of ergosterol in plasma membrane (not in humans)

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