Lecture 20 Epidemiology

Question 1

A. What is epidemiology?

Answer 1

Study of when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted

Question 2

1. What is the difference between communicable and non-communicable disease? Examples

Answer 2

Communicable disease: An infectious disease that can be transmitted from one host to another N.C- heart disease

Question 3

B. Rate of disease in a population

Answer 3

Proportion of a given population infected with a disease (often reported per 100;000)

Question 4

a. Why are epidemiologist more concerned with the rate of disease rather than the absolute number of cases?

Answer 4

Because the rate is based on % which is a more effective comparison

Question 5

Morbidity rate

Answer 5

(# of sick people)/(size of population)

Question 6

Mortality rate

Answer 6

% of population that dies from a disease

Question 7

Incidence

Answer 7

of new cases of a disease in a given time period

Question 8

Prevalence

Answer 8

The total # of cases of a given disease (old and New)

Question 9

Define endemic and Example

Answer 9

A disease of other occurrence that is constantly present I a population (polio)

Question 10

Define epidemic and Example

Answer 10

A disease or other occurrence that has much higher incidence than usual (Ebola)

Question 11

Define pandemic and Example

Answer 11

Epidemic that crosses over the world HIV

Question 12

What are the links in the chain? 6

Answer 12

1) Causative agent 2) reservoir 3) Portal of exit 4) Mode of transmission 5) portal of entry 6) susceptible Host

Question 13

Virulence factors of an agent

Answer 13

Molecules that allow a pathogen to overcome the body’s defenses and cause disease

Question 14

Infectious dose of an agent

Answer 14

Infectious dose: number of pathogens required to cause disease in the host

Question 15

Incubation period of an agent

Answer 15

Incubation period: time between exposure to a pathogen and appearance of signs/symptoms

Question 16

2. Reservoirs of infection

Answer 16

Can be from Human(symptomatic or Asymptomatic) Animals and Environment

Question 17

i. Symptomatic infections

Answer 17

Show sign and symptoms

Question 18

ii. Asymptomatic carriers

Answer 18

No signs or symptoms

Question 19

2. Portals of exit

Answer 19

How the pathogen leaves a host Examples: Diaheara/vomiting; Droplet transmission

Question 20

horizontal v. vertical transmission

Answer 20

Vertical is from a mother and horizontal is between people

Question 21

Direct v. indirect Contact

Answer 21

Direct (touching/Droplets) indirect involves an inanimate surfaces (used needles)

Question 22

mechanical v. biological Vectors

Answer 22

Mechanical - only transfer of pathogen(ticks) Biological - Vecto is part of pathogen life cycle (malira)

Question 23

Portals of entry name 5

Answer 23

Where a pathogen enters the host orfuses like eyes ears respiratory track; digestive track; broken skin ; urinary track; genital track

Question 24

Host-Predisposing factors:

Answer 24

Epidemiology(health risks like; Immunity to pathogen; General Health; Age; Gender; religious cultural; genetic background

Question 25

Who was Typhoid Mary; and what is she famous for?

Answer 25

she was a cook with salmonella typhoid that was a no susceptible carrier

Question 26

National disease surveillance

Answer 26

CDC and MMWR

Question 27

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Answer 27

A government agency that educates and has a resource of sign and symptoms

Question 28

What is the MMWR? Where can it be found?

Answer 28

Morbidity and Mortality weekly report (website)

Question 29

What is a notifiable disease? How is the list of notifiable diseases determined?

Answer 29

It is a diseases tat is required to be reported if a heath care finds it

Question 30

What agency oversees public health for California?

Answer 30

CDPH - California dept. of public health

Question 31

Local disease surveillance

Answer 31

Contra costa heath services

Question 32

Global disease surveillance

Answer 32

WHO world health organization

Question 33

How do the effects of infectious disease differ in developed and developing regions?

Answer 33

In developed more diseases are non communicative while in developing countries most diseases are communicable due to lack of sanitation clean water and less treatment options

Question 34

What advancements have been made in the last 100 years Reduction and Eradication or diseases? (4)

Answer 34

1) improved sanitation 2) reservoir/vector control 3) Vaccination 4) antibiotic medications

Question 35

Emerging (and reemerging) diseases 9 reasons

Answer 35

1) Microbial evolution 2) Complacency/Breakdown of PH 3) Change in Human behavior 4) advances in Technology5) Development of a country 6) War/civil Unrest 7) Population Expansion and movements 8) Mass distribution of food 9) Climate change

Question 36

Healthcare-Associated infections (HAI’s) (TEST)

Answer 36

AKA |Nosocomial infection| which effect 5-15% of patients

Question 37

Why Nosocomial infection (HAI) so prevalent?

Answer 37

1)constrainion of health care workers; lack of hand washing; overuse of antibiotics; sick and stressed; more strain on system

Question 38

What are the most common pathogens(HAI)-where do they come from?

Answer 38

Most common is UTI from catheters then E coli ;Staphycoccuse aurease ;clostridum from surgical sites and respirator track

Question 39

What are common reservoirs and transmission routes in HAIs? 4

Answer 39

1) Other Patients 2) Hospital environment 3) health care workers 4) patients own flora