Lecture 22-Endocrine Pancreas

Question 1

What are produced by the alpha, beta, delta, epsilon, and F cells of the pancreas?

Answer 1

• alpha: almost exclusively ghrelin, but also glucagon
• beta: proinsulin, c-peptide, insulin, amylin
• delta: somatostatin
• epsilon: ghrelin
• F cells: pancreatic polypeptide (PP cells)

Question 2

ghrelin

Answer 2

orexigenic stomach hormone that produces hunger

- decreases with bariatric surgery and role in pancreas unclear

Question 3

What kind of neuro stimulation is there with respect to insulin release during exercise and why?

Answer 3

• higher stimulation of the alpha-adrenergic receptor by somatostatin or NE. These have an inhibitory effect on cAMP, PKA, adenylyl cyclase which prevent the insulin release.
• During exercise insulin never gets too high because the muscles don’t need insulin to take up glu (remember insulin-independent AMPK pathway) and the brain doesn’t require insulin. If insulin gets too high you’ll decrease FA lipolysis and gluconeogenesis which you need during exercise

Question 4

Normal fasting [glu]? 2-hr postprandial?

Answer 4

fasting: 60-80 mg/dl, 3.3-4.4mM

2 hr PP: 100-140mg/dl, 5.6-7.8 mM

Question 5

Normal fasting [insulin]? 2 hr postprandial?

Answer 5

fasting: 3-8 µU/dl

2 hr PP: 50-150 µU/dl

Question 6

Normal fating [glucagon]? 2 hr postprandial?

Answer 6

fasting: 40-80 pg/ml

2 hr PP: 80-200 pg/ml

Question 7

What are the active ingredients of coffee that may contribute to decreased amylin plaque formation and therefore decreased risk for diabetes mellitus? Metabolite?

Answer 7

• caffeic acid (CA)
• caffeine
• chlorogenic acid (CGA)
• Dihydrocaffeic acid is a metabolite of caffeic and chlorogenic acid (DHCA)