Lecture 22 4/12/24 Flashcards
How are ectoparasiticides classified?
-mode of action
-method of administration
-stage of arthropod targeted
-arthropod exposure
-chemical groupings
What are the delivery methods for ectoparasiticides?
-sprays
-dips
-dusts
-pour/spot-ons
-ear tags/collars
-baits
-shampoos
-oral medications
-injectable medications
What are the characteristics of pyriproxyfen?
-insect growth regulator
-mimics juvenile hormone
-prevents successful metamorphosis
What are the chemical groupings for ectoparasiticides?
-lime sulfur
-botanic agents
-organochlorines
-carbamates
-organophosphates
-formamidines
-neonicotinoids
-phenylpyrazole
-insect growth regulators
-spinosyns
-isoxazolines
What are the characteristics of lime sulfur dip?
-used in dogs and cats
-targets lice and mites
-produces toxic hydrogen sulfide in presence of acidic pH
-adverse effects include unpleasant odor, skin irritation, stains, nausea, oral ulcers
What are the characteristics of rotenone?
-used in dogs, cats, rabbits
-targets ear mites
-inhibits mitochondrial resp. enzymes in arthropods and vertebrates
-adverse effects include neuro and resp. signs, skin and eye irritation, toxic to swine, fish, and snakes
What are the characteristics of pyrethrins?
-used in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, swine, sheep, goats
-targets flies, moths, bedbugs, mites, mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, lice, cockroaches, ants, silverfish, spiders
-sensory hyperexicitability of peripheral nervous system, causing paralysis and repellant effects
What are the characteristics of type 1 pyrethrin toxicity?
-occurs pyrethrins, resmethrin, and permethrin
-2-24 hours after exposure in cats
-progressive tremors, hyperthermia, startle reflex, muscle fasciculations, death
-treated with lipid rescue therapy
What are the characteristics of type 2 pyrethrin toxicity?
-occurs with cypermethrin, deltamethrin, flumethrin
-salivation, increased extensor tone, incoordination, spasms, seizures, apnea, death
-acts on sodium channels and GABA
What are the characteristics of carbamates?
-used in dogs and cats
-targets fleas and ticks
-reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase
-adverse effects include DUMBBELS clinical signs related to autonomic effector organs and NMJ
What is DUMBBELS?
-diarrhea
-urination
-miosis
-bronchospasm
-bradycardia
-emesis
-lacrimation
-salivation
What are the characteristics of organophosphates?
-used in cattle, horses, swine, poultry, dogs, cats
-target fleas, flies, lice, mites, ticks, ants, termites
-bind and inactivate acetylcholinesterase irreversibly
-adverse effects include DUMBBELS, muscle fasciculations, weakness/paralysis, neuropathy, death
What are the characteristics of formamidines?
-used in dogs, cattle, goats, swine, rodents
-target mites, ticks, lice
-causes hyperactivity, leg waving, detachment, diminished fecundity, inhibition of oviposition, reduced egg hatachability
-adverse effects include sedative effect, depression, bradycardia, hypothermia, hyperglycemia, polyuria
What are the characteristics of neonicotinoids?
-used in dogs and cats
-target fleas, lice, larval flies
-acts on insect’s nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
-adverse effects include contact dermatitis, eye irritation, vomiting, decreased appetite, lethargy
What are the characteristics of phenylpyrazole?
-used in dogs and cats
-target ticks, fleas, lice
-antagonist of GABA gated chloride channels; CNS disruption
-adverse effect is skin irritation
What are the characteristics of insect growth regulators?
-used in dogs, cats, cattle, horses, poultry, swine
-target fleas and flies
-binds to juvenile hormone receptors and/or inhibits chitin biosynthesis
-adverse effect is skin irritation
What are the characteristics of spinosyns?
-used in dogs and cats
-targets fleas
-bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; disrupts neurotransmission, causing hyperexcitation
-adverse effects include vomiting, lethargy, dec. appetite, weight loss, diarrhea, incoordination, itching, trembling, salivation, seizures
What are the characteristics of isoxazolines?
-used primarily in dogs
-target fleas, ticks, possibly mites
-inhibits GABA and glutamate-gated chloride channels; hyperexcitation results in uncontrolled activity of CNS and death
-adverse effects include vomiting, diarrhea, flatulence, lethargy, polydipsia, anorexia
Which types of treatment are available for killing adult fleas?
-spot-on
-spray/shampoo/collar
-oral
Which types of treatment are available killing juvenile fleas?
-oral
-spot-on
-injectable
Which drugs are used for sarcoptic mange in dogs?
-moxidectin
-selamectin
-isoxazolines
-ivermectin
-fipronil
-flumethrin
Which drugs are used for sarcoptic mange in ruminants/swine?
-ivermectin
-moxidectin
-doramectin
-eprinomectin
-lime sulfur
-phosmet
-tetrachlorvinphos sprays/dips
Which drugs are used for notoedric mange in cats?
-ivermectin
-selamectin
-fipronil
Which drugs are used for chorioptic mange?
-eprinomectin
-ivermectin
-coumaphos
-phosmet
lime sulfur
Which drugs are used for psoroptic mange?
-ivermectin
-coumaphos
-phosmet
-hot lime sulfur
Which drugs are used for ear mites?
-ivermectin
-milbemycin oxime
-selamectin
-moxidectin
-pyrethrin
Which drugs are used for cheyletiella in dogs?
-moxidectin
-selamectin
-permethrin
-fipronil
-milbemycin oxime
Which drugs are used for cheyletiella in cats?
-fipronil
-selamectin
Which drugs are used for lynxacarus in rabbits?
-imidacloprid
-permethrin
What are the characteristics of demodecticides in dogs?
-treat until 1-2 months after first negative skin scrape
-only treat generalized/severe infections; normal skin residents
Which drugs are used for generalized demodex in dogs?
-amitraz dip
-moxidectin
-isoxazolines
-oral ivermectin or milbemycin oxime
-doramectin
Which drugs are used for generalized demodex in cats?
-fluralaner
-lime sulfur
-oral ivermectin
-amitraz dip
