Lecture 21 4/11/24 Flashcards
What are the avermectins?
-ivermectin
-doramectin
-eprinomectin
What are the milbemycins?
-milbemycin oxime
-moxidectin
Which animals are treated with macrocyclic lactones?
-dogs
-cats
-ferrets
-rabbits
-rodents
-cattle
-horses
-swine
-sheep
-goats
-camelids
-birds
-reptiles
What are the adverse effects associated with macrocyclic lactones?
-mydriasis
-depression
-tremors
-seizures
-ataxia
-stupor
-emesis
-salivation
-coma
-microfilaricidal effects
-bloat or paralysis in cattle
pruritus and swelling in horses
What are the characteristics of ivermectin sensitivity in collies?
-adverse effects at very low doses
-dose in heartworm preventative is low enough that it dose not cause toxicity
-caused by a deletion in the MDR1 gene
How is avermectin toxicity treated in dogs?
-induce emesis and give activated charcoal
-fluid therapy
-nutritional support
-monitor cardiac and resp. parameters
-lipid emulsion infusion
Which animals are treated with cyclic depsipeptides?
-cats
-dogs
How do cyclic depsipeptides work?
bind to presynaptic receptor in pharynx and body wall muscles; flaccid paralysis and death
What are the adverse effects of cyclic depsipeptides?
-dermal irritation
-excessive grooming
-vomiting
-diarrhea
-depression
Which options are available for heartworm L3/L4 prevention?
-canine oral prevention
-canine topical prevention
-canine injectable prevention
-feline prevention
Which option is available for heartworm microfilaricide?
Advantage Multi
Which option is available for heartworm adulticide?
immiticide; arsenical compound
What is the mode of action for immiticide?
thought that arsenic acts on sulfhydryl group of essential nematode enzymes
What are the adverse effects of immiticides?
-death at too high of dose
-pain/swelling at injection site
-pulmonary thromboembolic disease from heartworm death
Why is sulfadimethoxine used to treat protozoa?
replaces para-aminobenzoic acid used for folic acid in coccidians
What are the antiprotozoal groupings?
-non-sulfonamide antibacterial drugs with antiprotozoal activity; metronidazole, ronidazole, clindamycin, azithromycin, doxycycline
-benzimidazoles; fenbendazole/albendazole
-sulfonamides
-ionophores; monensin
-thiamine inhibitor
-quinolone; decoquinate/deccox
-aromatic diamidines
-hydroxynaphthoquinone
-triazines; ponazuril
What are the characteristics of sulfonamides?
-used in dogs, cats, ferrets, rabbits, rodents, cattle, horses, reptiles, poultry
-targets coccidia, bacteria
-give orally, SC, IM, IV
-inhibits DNA synthesis through folic acid antagonism
-adverse effects include crystalluria, hematuria, renal tubule obstruction
What are the characteristics of ionophores?
-used in poultry, ruminants, rabbits
-targets coccidia
-feed additive
-makes biological membranes permeable to Na+ and K+, drawing in water
-fatal in horses
-paralysis in legs in birds
What are the characteristics of thiamine inhibitors?
-used in poultry, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs, cats
-targets coccidia
-feed additive, oral solution, powder
-inhibits maturation of schizonts and formation of merozoites
-can cause thiamine deficiency and polioencephalomalacia in ruminants
What are the characteristics of quinolones?
-used in chickens, cattle, sheep, goats
-targets coccidia, Hepatozoon americanum
-feed additive, milk replacer, milk additive
-interrupts sporozoite development by interfering with electron transport
-wide safety margin
-should not be used in laying hens, breeding animals, lactating animals
What are the characteristics of aromatic diamidines?
-used in dogs, cats, horses, sheep
-targets Babesia spp., Hepatozoon canis, Cytauxzoon felis
-IM or SC injection
-denatures DNA
-adverse effects include injection pain, mild cholinergic signs, possible kidney and liver necrosis
What are the characteristics of hydroxynaphthoquinone?
-used in dogs and cats
-targets Babesia, Hepatozoon, Cytauxzoon, Toxoplasma
-oral suspension
-causes nucleic acid inhibition
-adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypoglycemia, anemia, neutropenia
What are the characteristics of triazines?
-used in horses, poultry, cattle, swine, sheep, dogs, cats, reptiles, camelids, rabbits, falcons
-targets Sarcocystis and coccidia
-oral paste, medicated feed, or pellet
-disrupts ability of protozoa to reproduce
-not for use in pregnant/lactating animals
-can cause loose stool, blisters on mouth, rash/hives in horses
Which drugs are used to treat canine and feline giardiasis?
-fenbendazole
-metronidazole
-febantel
What are the recommendations for giardia treatment in dogs and cats?
-5-10 days of fenbendazole; 50 mg/kg SID or
-fenbendazole at 50 mg/kg SID and metronidazole for 5 days at 25 m/kg BID
-repeat combo treatment for another 5 days if originally fails
-remember to bathe animals, clean environment, etc.
What is the justification for using fenbendazole and metronidazole together?
-different MOAs can increase activity against metronidazole-resistant strains; may cause synergy
-both medications are generally safe and inexpensive
-fenbendazole will also eliminate any present nematodes
What are the characteristics of metronidazole?
-not for use in food animals
-ELU in dogs and cats
-adverse effects include neuro. signs, teratogenic, vomiting, diarrhea, ataxia, carcinogenic in cats
-not for use in pregnant/lactating animals
Which drugs are used for coccidia treatment in dogs and cats?
-sulfadimethoxine (+/- ormetoprim)
-sulfaguanidine
-furazolidone
-trimethoprim-sulfa
-quinacrine
-amprolium (+/- sulfadimethoxine)
-ponazuril
