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Biology 108 > Lecture 22 & 23 Lophotrochozoa > Flashcards

Lecture 22 & 23 Lophotrochozoa Flashcards

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1
Q

which clade do most animals belong to?

A
  • bilatera

- have triploblastic symmetry

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2
Q

what is phylum acoela?

A
  • basal bilaterans
  • mostly marine worms
  • aceolomates – no body cavities
  • flat, minimal cephalization, no brain
  • no anus, no gut cavity – endocellular digestion instead, use endocytosis to strip off food
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3
Q

what are lophotrochozoa?

what does it include (6)

A
  • identified by molecular data
  • widest range of animal body forms
  • some develop lophophores for feeding
  • others pass through trochophore larval stage, some have neither
  • includes: platyhelminthes, rotifers, ectoprocts, brachiopoda, mollusca, annelids
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4
Q

what does the clade bilatera include?

A

lophotrochozoa, ecdysozoa, deuterstomia

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5
Q

what is phylum platyhelminthes?

A
  • flatworms
  • triploblastic
  • acoelomate
  • do not have a complete digestive system – have a mouth and a gut lumen but no anus
  • no special circulatory or gas exchange system
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6
Q

what are two classes in platyhelminthes?

A
  • class turbellaria

- class cestodia

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7
Q

what is class turbellaria?

A
  • platyhelminthes
  • free living flatworms
  • mostly predatory
  • epidermis covered by cilia
  • have ventral nerve cords
  • a pair of ganglia
  • gastrovascular cavity with no anal opening
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8
Q

what is class cestodia?

A
  • platyhelminthes
  • tapeworms
  • entirely parasitic
  • lack digestive system
  • scolex – front of body modified for holding onto host’s gut – suckers and hooks
  • proglottids – long chain of segments devoted to reprodution
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9
Q

what are proglottids?

A
  • in class cestodia – tapeworms — devoted to reproduction, mature proglottids are filled with eggs
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10
Q

what are proglottids?

A
  • in class cestodia – tapeworms — devoted to reproduction, mature proglottids are filled with eggs
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11
Q

what is the life cycle of cestodia?

A

complex

- need an intermediate host and a definite host

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12
Q

what is phylum rotifera?

A
  • tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, ocean, damp soil
  • truly multicellular and have specialized organ systems
  • have an alimentary canal – a digestive tube with separate mouth and anus
  • fluid-filled pseudocoelom
  • reproduce using parthogenesis: females produce offspring via unfertilized eggs
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13
Q

what are the two lophophorates in lophotrochozoa?

what are characteristics of lophophorates?

A
  • ectoprocts
  • brachiopods
  • have lophophores, which is a crown of tentacles around their mouth
  • true coelom
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14
Q

what is phylum brachiopoda?

A

lophophorate

  • lamp shells
  • superficially resemble bivalve mulluscs
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15
Q

what is phylum brachiopoda?

A

lophophorate

  • lamp shells
  • superficially resemble bivalve mulluscs
  • attach to sea floor by a stalk
  • complete gut with anal opening
  • suspension feed using paired lophophores
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16
Q

what is phylum ectoprocta?

A

lophophorate

  • also known as bryozoans
  • sessile colonial animals, superficially resemble coral
  • hard exoskeleton
  • filter feed using retractable lophophores
17
Q

what are the trochozoans in lophotrochozoans? (2)

what are they characterized by?

A
  • annelida, mollusca
  • shared patterns of early embryonic development
  • microscopic swimming trochophore larvae
  • larvae have 2 bands of cilia around the middle for swimming and food gathering
18
Q

what is phylum mollusca?

A

trochozoan

  • snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octupi, squids
  • soft bodied animals, sometimes have a hard shell which is calcerous (CaCO3)
19
Q

what are characteristics of mollusca?

A
  • have a similar body plan
  • mantle: thin layer of tissue that secretes the shell
  • mantle cavity: water filled, respiratory chamber???
  • muscular ventral foot for movement
  • organs contained in a visceral mass above food
  • mouthparts in a strap-like rasping organ called a radula
  • gills for gas exchange
  • open circ system (except for octupi, and squids)
  • reduced coelom
  • not clearly segmented
20
Q

what are the four major classes of mollusca?

A
  • polyplacophora – chitons
  • gastropoda – snails and slugs
  • bivalva – clams, oysters, other bivalves
  • cephalopoda – squids, octupi, cuttlefish, chambered nautiluses
21
Q

what are the four major classes of mollusca?

A
  • polyplacophora – chitons
  • gastropoda – snails and slugs
  • bivalva – clams, oysters, other bivalves
  • cephalopoda – squids, octupi, cuttlefish, chambered nautiluses
22
Q

what are polyplacophora?

A

trochophores - molluscs - chitons

  • ovale shaped marine animals encased in armour of 8 dorsal plate
  • use foot like a suction cup to grip rock, and their radula to scrape off rock surfaces
23
Q

what are gastropoda?

A

trochophores - molluscs - snails and relatives

  • glide using contractions of a muscular foot
  • torsion: gastropod synapomorphy: visceral mass and mantle twists during larval development
  • most are marine (have larvae), many freshwater and terrestrial (direct development)
  • terrestrial have lost their gills and adapted mantle cavity into a lung
  • NUDIBRACHS: shell less marine gastropods, some are protected by nematocysts of cnidarians – eat cnidarians and store nematocysts in their own tissues
24
Q

what is class bivalva?

A

trochophores - molluscs - clams, oysters, mussels, scallops

  • have a shell divided into two halves drawn together by adductor muscles
  • filter feeders: mantle cavity contains gills used for feeding and gas exchange, NO RADULA (dont really have a head)
  • some are sessile, most sedentary

very important economically

25
Q

what is class bivalva?

A

trochophores - molluscs - clams, oysters, mussels, scallops

  • have a shell divided into two halves drawn together by adductor muscles
  • filter feeders: mantle cavity contains gills used for feeding and gas exchange, NO RADULA (dont really have a head)
  • some are sessile, most sedentary

very important economically

26
Q

what is class cephalopoda?

A

trochophores - molluscs - squids, octopi, cuttlefish

  • no external shell (exception of nautilus)
  • some may have internal shell (cuttlebone of cuttlefish)
  • long tentacles around the mouth – modified from molluscan foot
  • PREDATORY – radula is modified into a biting beak
  • siphon is a fused tube of mantle used for jet-propulsion
  • only molluscs with CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
  • complex behaviour
  • do not have trochophore larvae – DIRECT DEVELOPING JUVENIILES
27
Q

what are annelida?

A

trochophores - segmented worms

  • three classes: polychaeta, oligochaeta (earthworms and relatives), hirundinea (leeches)
  • segmented, separated by internal septa
  • ceolomates
  • closed circulatory system
  • complete digestive system with an anus
28
Q

what is class polychaeta?

A

trochophores - annelida

  • almost entirely marine
  • parapodia: body segments with fleshy lobes which bear chaetae (chitinous bristles)
29
Q

what is class polychaeta?

A

trochophores - annelida

  • almost entirely marine
  • parapodia: body segments with fleshy lobes which bear chaetae (chitinous bristles)
  • clearly differentiated head with sensory antennae
  • sedentary, or errant
  • errant are usually predatory
  • sedentary: ingest substrate, suspension feed (filter food particles out of the water column), deposit feed (trail sticky tentacles over substrate and lick off adhering matter)
  • free-spawning
30
Q

what are oligochaetes?

A

trochophores - annelida

  • less diverse than polychaetes
  • lack parapodia and a well developed head
  • most feed by ingesting substrate and digesting organic matter
  • most are SIMULTANEOUS HERMAPHRODITES but cross fertilize by copulation – produces gelatinous cocoon with secretions from clitellum, deposits eggs in cocoon, slides cocoon forwards to seminal receptacle – still EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
  • DIRECT DEVELOPMENT
  • some asexual reproduction
31
Q

what are class hirundinea?

A

trochophores - annelida – LEECHES

  • lack parapodia, have clitellum, lack chaetae
  • predators

Biology 108 (27 decks)

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