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Biology 108 > Lecture 17 Fungi > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Fungi Flashcards

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1
Q

what supergroup + subgroup are fungi in?

A
  • Unikonts - Opisthokonts

- more closely related to animals than plants

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2
Q

despite their diversity, what are the key traits of fungi? (esp. re: nutrition)

A
  • fungi are chemoheterotrophs that absorb nutreints from outside of their body
  • fungi secrete enzymes (exo enzymes) to break down a large variety of complex molecules into smaller organic compounds – external digestion
  • versatility of these enzymes - can digest cellulose + lignin from plants; chitin + keratin from animal tissues
  • simple organic molecules absorbed by body of fungus
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3
Q

what are 6 body structures of fungi?

A
  • most common: multicellular filaments and single cells
  • chitin in cell wals
  • mycelia
  • septae (most) or coenocytic
  • large SA:V – morphology good at absorbing nutrients
  • grow very quckly
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4
Q

what are mycelia?

A
  • branched networks of hyphae adapted for absorption
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5
Q

what are septae?

A
  • fungi w/ hyphae divided into cells by septa-cross walls

- pores allow for cell-to-cell movement of organelles

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6
Q

what are coenocytic fungi?

A
  • continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei
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7
Q

what are haustoria?

A

specialized hyphae in unique fungi that allow to penetrate tissues of their host

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8
Q

what are mycorrihizae?

A
  • mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots
  • deliver PO4 ions and minerals to plants
  • in most vascular plants
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9
Q

what are ectomycorrhizal fungi?

A
  • fungi that form sheaths of hyphae over a root and also grow into extracellular spaces of root cortex
  • don’t haustoria
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10
Q

what are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (endomycorrhizae)?

A
  • extend hyphae through cell walls of root cells and into tubes formed by invagination of root cell membrane
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11
Q

how do fungi propagate themselves?

A
  • produce a vast number of spores sexually or asexually
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12
Q

why is the spore of fungi different than the spore of plantae?

A
  • made via mitosis AND meiosis (only mei in plants)
  • BUT always haploid
  • resistant to desiccation and act as dispersal stages
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13
Q

what are coenocytic hyphae usually?

A

homokaryotic – multiple, identical nuclei

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14
Q

what are fungal nuclei usually?

A

haploid, with the exception of transient diploid stages formed during sexual life cylces
- nuclei of hyphae and spores are haploid

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15
Q

what does sexual reproduction require?

A

fusion of hyphae form different mating types - use sexual signalling molecules called pheromones to communicate their mating type

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16
Q

what is plasmogamy?

A

the union of cytoplasm form two parent mycelia

- in most fungi, haploid nuclei don not fuse right away, coexist in mycelium called heterokaryon

17
Q

what is the pairing of two haploid nuclei to a cell, such as a mycelium called?

A
  • dikaryotic
18
Q

what is karyogamy?

A

nuclear fusion – diploid phase

19
Q

how long is the diploid phase in fungi?

A

short-lived, undergoes meiosis, producing haploid species

20
Q

how do fungi reproduce asexually?

A
  • molds produce haploid spores by MITOSIS and form visible mycelia
  • unicellular yeasts produce asexually by simple cell division –bud cells
  • some can grow as yeasts and as filamentous mycelia
  • many molds and yeast have no sexual stage known
21
Q

what are the five lineages of fungi?

A

Phylum:

  1. Chytridiomycota
  2. Zygomycota
  3. Ascomycota
  4. Glomeromycota
  5. Basidiomycota
22
Q

what are chytridiomychota?

A
  • found in freshwater
  • diverged early in fungal evolution, prob PARAPHYLETIC
  • have flagellated spores called ZOOSPORES
  • cell walls - chitin, use external digestion
  • decomposers, parasites, mutualists
  • global decline of amphibians - eat their kerating omgalksfjsdka
23
Q

what are zygomycota

A
  • very diverse
  • Rhizopus stolonifer hyphae are coenocytic
  • named for zygosporangia - site of karyogamy and then meiosis
  • resistant to freezing and drying, can survive unfavourable conditions
24
Q

what are glomermycota?

A
  • species forms symbiotic relationships with roots of plants

- form arbuscular mycorrhizae

25
Q

what are ascomycota?

A
  • sac-fungi
  • larges phylum
  • separate hyphae
  • production of sexual spores in sac-like asci contained in fruiting bodies called ascocarps
  • reproduce asexually by spores called conidia - not formed in sporangia - produced asexually at tips of specialized hypha called conidiophores
26
Q

what are basidiomycota? (club fungi)

A
  • mushrooms, puffballs, shelf fungi, mycorrhizae, plant parasites
  • decomposers of wood
  • defined by club like structure called basidium - transient diploid stage in life cycle
  • long dikaryotic mycelium
  • reproduces sexually by fruiting bodies called basidiocarps
27
Q

what are characteristics of basidiocarps?

A
  • have thin vertical sheets of tissue called gills that are lined with millions of basidia
28
Q

what are yeasts?

A
  • unicellular fungi that inhabit liquid/moist habitats
  • asexual rep
  • occasional sexual rep
  • asco or basidio
29
Q

what are molds?

A
  • rapidly growing asexually reproducing fungi

- zygo, asco, basidio

30
Q

what are mycorrhizae?

A
  • mutualistic symbiosis of plant roots AND fungi

- glomero, zygo, asco, basidio all involved

31
Q

what are 3 ways fungi interact with organisms

A
  • decomposers
  • mutualists
  • pathogens
32
Q

what do fungi do as decomposers?

A
  • break down complex organic compounds to inorganic (mineral) forms
  • bridge between living and non living world
  • C + N cycling form dead tissues
  • Fungi > Bacteria for cellulose & lignin decomp
  • Fairy Rings - outward growth of decomposer hyphae - mushroom when cond. favourable
  • release of nutrients form detritus
33
Q

what do fungi do as mutualists?

A
  • plants: mycorrhizae

- animals: digestive services ex Chytrid: guts of sheep and cattle, ants

34
Q

what is a lichen?

A
  • symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus
  • fungi provide enviro for growth, alga provide carbon compounds, cyanobact provide N
  • fungi of lichens can produce asexually (via soredia)/or sexually
35
Q

what are soredia?

A

asexual reproduction mechanism of lichen fungi that are small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae

36
Q

what do fungi do as pathogens?

A

Plants: wilt: hyphae block xylem; necroses: fungi digesting plant tissues
Invertebrates: digest chitin, parasites

37
Q

contrast localized subcutaneous vs systemic things?

A
  • LS: infection due to wounds

- systemic: infection widely spread inside host bodies

Biology 108 (27 decks)

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