Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 108 > Lecture 12 & 13 Land Plants > Flashcards

Lecture 12 & 13 Land Plants Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are general characteristics of modern land plants? (4)

A
  • most live in terrestrial environments
  • multicellular, photosynthetic euk
  • cell walls made of cellulose
  • alternation of generations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what species did land plants have a common ancestor with/evolved from?

A
  • green algae / charophytes

- seen via comparisons of nuclear and chloroplast genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the four key traits that charophytes share with land plants?

A
  1. rosette-shaped cellulose synthesizing complexes
    - make cellulose microfibrils of the cell wall
    - are linear in non-charophycean algae
  2. peroxisome enzymes
    - enzymes that prevent the loss of organic compounds during photorespiration
  3. structure of flagellated sperm
    - resembles sperm of charophytes, but not all plants’ sperm flagellated
  4. formation of Phragmoplast during cell division
    - helps construct cell plate between incipient cells – new cell walls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the three possible plant kingdoms?

A
  • viridiplantae: chlorophytes, charophytes, embryophytes
  • streptphyta: charophytes and embryophytes
  • plantae: embryophytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what did movement of land plants by charophyte ancestors provide?

A
  • spacious habitats – most niches available
  • bright sunlight, unfiltered by H2O or algae
  • atm with plentiful CO2
  • soils rich in mineral nutrients
  • at first, relatively few herbivores or pathogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what were challenges presented by land?

A
  • scarcity of H2O

- lack of structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 4 adaptations that enabled the move to land?

A
  1. sporopollenin
  2. adaptations for water conservation
  3. lignified vascular tissue for internal transport
  4. resources became more compartmentalized in terrestrial plants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is sporopollenin? (2)

A
  • in charophytes a layer of durable polymer prevents exposed zygotes from dying out
  • also found in plant spore walls – increases resistance to drying and physical stress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the two adaptations for water conservation? (2)

A
  • waxy cuticle: waterproofing, protection from microbial attack
  • stomata: gas xchange, water to exit via evaporation, minimize water in dry cond
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does lignin do?

A
  • complex polymer which strengthens and supports plant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the two vascular tissues

A
  • xylem: cells carry H2O and minerals - dead walls

- phloem: cells distribute organic products - living cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what did compartmentalization in plants lead to

A
  • elongation and branching for exposure to environmental resources
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the five derived traits of plants?

A
  1. AoG
  2. multicellular, dependent embryos – diploid embryo is retained within tissue of female gametophyte
  3. walled spores in sporangia
  4. multicellular gametangia
  5. apical meristems
    - additional traits include: cuticle, mycorrhizae, secondary compounds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is alternation of generations (AoG)?

A

life cycle of all land plants that alternate between sporophyte and gametophyte generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are archegonia and antheridia?

A

archegonia: female gametangia, produce eggs and are the site of fertilization
antheridia: male gametangia, produce and release sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are apical meristems?

A
  • plant adaptations that sustain continual growth
  • contain undifferentiated cells that later differentiate into various tissues
  • simple in non-vascular plants, more complex in structures of tips of shoots and roots in vascular plants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the cuticle?

A

waxy covering of epidermis

18
Q

what are secondary compounds in plants?

A

adaptations that deter herbivores and parasites

19
Q

what are land plants informally grouped on?

A

presence or absence of vascular tissue

20
Q

what is another name for non-vascular plants?

A

bryophytes

- not a monophyletic group – relationship to each other and vascular plants is unresolved

21
Q

what are the two clades of seedless vascular plants?

A
  • paraphyletic
  • lycophytes: club mosses and their relatives
  • pterophytes: ferns and their relatives
22
Q

what are the two clades of seed plants?

A
  • gymnosperms

- angiosperms

23
Q

what are three phyla of bryophytes?

A
  • liverworts - hepatophyta
  • hornworts - anthocerophyta
  • mosses - bryophytA
24
Q

what are 6 traits of bryophytes?

A
  • lack true vascular tissue and lack lignin
  • most tissues are only one or a few cells thick
  • Haploid gametophytes are the most conspicuous, dominant phase of the cycle + Diploid are smaller and entirely dependent on the gametophyte
  • often gametophytes are male or female and have separate organs for eggs and sperm: archegonium + antheridium
  • 2n zygoes and sporophytes retained and nourished by haploid spores
25
Q

what does the lack of lignin and vascular tissue do to byrophytes?

A
  • limits their size as there is less H2O storage, strength, nutrient transport
26
Q

what environment must bryophytes have to reproduce?

A

must live in wet or aquatic environments that have an H2O film for sperm to fertilize eggs

27
Q

what is an important ecological role of bryphotyes?

A
  • regulating H2O flow – mosses can lose most body water and rehydrate and reactivate cells when moisture becomes available
  • sphagum / peat inhibit bacterial activity
28
Q

what are 6 traits of extant vascular plants?

A
  1. vascular tissue
  2. complex multicellular roots that anchor vascular plants
  3. complex multicellular leaves
  4. sporophylls
  5. variation in spore sizes among species - most seedless vasc plants are homosporous, all seed plants are heterosporous
  6. life cycles with dominant sporophytes
29
Q

what are the dead hollow cells of xylem called?

A
  • tracheids – vascular plants are also called tracheids
30
Q

what does complex multicellular leaves do for extant vascular plants?

A
  • increase surface area for PS
31
Q

what are the 2 categories of leaves?

A
  • microphylls: leaves with a single vain; small

- megaphylls: leaves with highly branched vascular system; large

32
Q

what are sporophylls?

A
  • modified leaves bearing sporangia
33
Q

what are sporangia?

A
  • spore producing organ
34
Q

what are sori?

A
  • sori are clusters of sporangia on the undersides of sporphylls
35
Q

what are strobili?

A
  • conelike structures formed from groups of sporophylls

- ex: lycophytes and most gymnosperms

36
Q

what is homospory?

A
  • plant that produce one type of spore that develops into a bisexual gametophyte - have both archegonia and antheridia
37
Q

what is heterospory?

A
  • plants that produce both megaspores: female gametophytes and microspores: male gametophytes
38
Q

what are five characteristics of seedless vascular plants?

A
  • vascular tissue allowed plants to grow tall
  • have flagellated sperm (still needs H20)
  • sporophyte dominant form
  • gametophytes are tiny independent plants that grow on or below the soil surface
  • two phyla: lycophytes & pterophytes
39
Q

what are lycophytes? (4)

A
  • all are microphyllous and are either homo or heteropsorous
  • HAVE strobili
  • used to be large trees – now small plants
40
Q

what are pterophytes?

A
  • includes: ferns, horntails, whisk ferns
  • have MEGAPHYLLS
  • produce MANY SPORANGIA - SORI – can catapult and carried by wind
  • whisk ferns: once “living fossil” – no roots or leaves
  • horsetails: carboniferous
  • tru ferns: most successful of SVP

Biology 108 (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions