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Biology 108 > Lecture 19 Origin of Animals > Flashcards

Lecture 19 Origin of Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

what are 5 agreements between the old tree and new tree of animals?

A
  1. All animals share a common ancestor – metazoa (multicellular animals)
  2. Sponges (Porifera) are basal animals
  3. Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues
  4. Most animal phyla belong to clade Bilatera which is monophyletic
  5. Chordates belong to clade Deuterstomia
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2
Q

what are 3 disagreements between the old tree and new tree of animals?

A
  1. Which clade is sister to Bilatera?
  2. Morphology (old) based tree divides bilaterans in two clades: deutersomes and protostomes
  3. Recent molecular studies indicate tree bilaterian clades: Deuterstomia, Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa
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3
Q

what are 3 pieces of morphological/developmental characters that support molecular evidence?

A
  • ecdozoans undergo ecdysis
  • some lophotrocozoans have a feeding structure called a lophophore
  • other lophotrocozoans have a distinct developmental stage called trochophore larva
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4
Q

what is a key feature of ecdozoans?

give examples of ecdozoans

A
  • shed their exoskeletons in a process called ecdysis

- anthropoda: insects, arachnids, milipedes, centipedes, crustaceans

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5
Q

what is a lophophore?

A
  • a circular or horseshoe-shaped organ about the mouth especially of a brachiopod or bryozoan that bears tentacles and functions especially in food-getting
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6
Q

give examples of lophotrochozoans that have a stage called trochophore larva

A
  • molloscs

- annelids

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7
Q

what are animals generally considered to have evolved from?

A
  • flagellated eukaryote
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8
Q

what is the closest living relative of the ancestor of animals

A
  • choanoflagellates (opisthokonts protists)
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9
Q

what are the three divisions of the geologic record?

A
  • Archean
  • Proterozoic
  • Phanerozoic
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10
Q

what is the precambrian?

A

Archaen + Proterozoic

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11
Q

what does the phanerozoic encompass?

A

multicellular eukaryotic life

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12
Q

what are the three eras the Phanerozoic is divided into?

A

Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic

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13
Q

what are the 3 evidence that choanoflagellates are closely related to animals?

A
  1. cell morphology (similarities)
  2. cell morphology unique to animals
  3. DNA sequence homology
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14
Q

what is the structure of heterotrophic protists?

A
  • single flagellum surrounded by collar of microvilli
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15
Q

what are microvilli?

A

finger-like projections of cell membrane

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16
Q

what kind of colonies did heterotrophic protists display?

A
  • some solitary others colonial

- stalked/ball like colonies

17
Q

what is the hypothesis regarding the ball shaped colony?

A

ball shaped colony = blastula which evolved into simple animals with endo and ectoderm (NO FOSSIL EVIDENCE)

18
Q

what did the evolution of eukaryotic cells allow for?

A

greater range of unicellular forms

19
Q

when did the second wave of diversification arise?

A
  • when multicellularity evolved and gave rise to algae, plants, fungi, animals
20
Q

what happened in the Neoproterozoic Era?

A
  • Ediacaran biota
  • diverse tubular and frond shaped, mostly non-motile (sessile) soft bodied organisms
  • larger ones disappered before cambrian
21
Q

what happened in the Paleozoic Era?

A
  • CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION - marks earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals
  • suddenly complex life - including many forms with skeletons
  • most major phyla appeared (except cnidarian, porifera, molluscs which came prior)
22
Q

what are hypotheses for the cambrian explosion?

A
  • evolution of the hox gene complex
  • new predator-prey relationships
  • a rise in atmospheric O2
23
Q

what happened in the Mesozoic Era?

A
  • flowering plants and insects diversified
  • coral reef emerged
  • dinos were dominant
  • first mammals emerged
24
Q

what happened in the Cenozoic Era?

A
  • mass extinctions of both terrestrial and marine animals (nonflying dinos and marine reptiles)
  • mammals increased in SIZE and exploited vacated ecological niches
  • climate cooled globally
25
Q

what are most animals?

A

INVERTEBRATES - informal classification based on anatomy

Biology 108 (27 decks)

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