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Behavioural Neuroscience > Lecture 22 > Flashcards

Lecture 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What does autism spectrum disorder describe?
What are they characterized by?

A

A wide range of developmental disorders,
That are characterized by troubles with social interaction and communication and by restricted and repetitive behaviour

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2
Q

What is the incidence of autism?

A

1%

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3
Q

In every case of autism is there a clear cognitive impairment intellectual disability or reduced imaginative ability?

A

No

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4
Q

What are the first types of autism symptoms to emerge?

A

Social impairments

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5
Q

When do parents of autistic kids usually notice signs?

A

Within the first two or three years of their child’s life

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6
Q

How do autistic children react when they are picked up?

A

They arch their backs

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7
Q

Like intellectual disability, what does autism encompass?

A

A large set of disorders with diverse underlying causes

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8
Q

What is autism associated with?

A

A combination of genetic and environmental factors that affect early brain development

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9
Q

What is the heritability of autism?
For autism spectrum disorder?

A

70%
90%

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10
Q

What disorder has many cases that have been linked to spontaneous rare gene mutations that have severe effects?
What does this include?

A

Autism
Chromosomal abnormalities involving deletions, duplications or inversions of genetic material

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11
Q

What are cases of autism associated with or linked with?

A

Multigene interactions across common gene variants and maternal viral infections during pregnancy

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12
Q

What is true about people with autism and language/speech?

A

They have nonexistent language.
About a third to a half of individuals with autism do not develop enough natural speech to meet their daily communication needs

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13
Q

What is special about people with autism disorder:
in interests and behaviours?
in movemnts?
in behaviours?

A

They usually have atypical interests and behaviours
They show stereotyped movements: flapping their hand and back and forth or rocking back and forth
They exhibit compulsive or ritualistic behaviour

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14
Q

What do mild forms of autism do not include?

A

A delay in language development or the presence of important cognitive deficits

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15
Q

What do mild forms of autism mostly involve?

A

Deficient or absent social interactions and repetitive and stereotyped behaviours along with obsessional interest in narrow subjects

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16
Q

What are mild forms of autism usually called?

A

Asperger’s syndrome

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17
Q

Is autism more likely in females or males?
By how much?

A

It is more likely in males.
It is four times more common in males.

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18
Q

What is peculiar about why/is autism more likely in men?

A

In cases of autsim with high intellectual disability, the ration falls 2:1
In cases with high functioning autism, the ratio goes to 7:1

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19
Q

What is the heterogametic sex and the homogametic sex?

A

Heterogametic sex: XX (in humans, females)
Homogametic sex: XY (in humans, heterogametic sex)

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20
Q

What happens within species in relation to variability?

A

The heterogametic sex shoes slightly more variability on all kinds of traits

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21
Q

What is there in the development of the brains of autistic children?

A

There are significant abnormalities

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22
Q

What is special about the development of brain of autistic children?

A

They tend to have a slightly small brain at birth, but it grows abnormally fast and by 2-3 years of age is often about 10% larger than a normal brain, by adolescence is only about 1-2% larger than normal

23
Q

What are the hypotheses for the cellular and molecular bases of early brain overgrowth for autism?

A

-altered neuronal migration during early gestation
-abnormal formation of synapses and dendritic spines
-over-connectivity in key brain regions
-unbalanced excitatory - inhibitory neural networks

24
Q

What have fMRI studies on people with autism revealed?

A

marked abnormalities

25
Q

What is the main goals of treating children with autism?

A

Lessen the impact of the associated deficits and family distress and increase quality of life/functional independance

26
Q

What can help autistic children acquire self care, communication and life skills?
What can they do?

A

Intensive sustained special education programs and behaviour therapy early in life
They can improve functioning and decrease symptom severity and maladaptive behaviours

27
Q

What do medications for autistic children do?

A

They don’t address core symptoms, but they help reduce the irritability, inattention and repetitive behaviours

28
Q

What are the different types of medications for autistic children?
What do they do?

A

-anticonvulsants : increase gaba receptor activity
-antidepressants : increase serontonin receptor activity
-antipsychotics : decrease dopamine receptor activity
-stimulants: increase dopamine activity

29
Q

What does affect refer to?

A

feelings or emotions

30
Q

What are affective disorders (mood disorders) characterized by?

A

Disordered feeling

31
Q

What is mood (affective) disorder?

A

serious mood disorder

32
Q

What are the two principle types of mood disorders?

A

bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder

33
Q

What is the prevalence of the diagnosis of depression?

A

7% in women
3% in men

34
Q

What do severely depressed people usually feel?

A

Unworthy, hopeless and have strong feelings of guilt

35
Q

What do people with mood disorders have a very high risk of?

A

Self harm and suicide

36
Q

What is bipolar disorder?
What is it charecterized by?
How many people does it affect?

A

Serious mood disorder
Cyclical periods of mania and depression
1%

37
Q

How much of bipolar disorder is attributed to genetics?

A

80%

38
Q

What is major depressive disorder (MDD)?

A

A serious mood disorder that consists of unremitting depression or periods of depression
- that don’t alternate with periods of mania

39
Q

What amount of the risk is attributed to genetics in MDD?

A

40%

40
Q

What are environmental factors for mood disorders?

A

Traumatic/abusive childhoods

41
Q

What are episodes of mania characterized by?

A

The sense of euphoria that does not seem to be justified by circumstances

42
Q

What do people with mania exhibit?

A

Nonstop speech and motor activity

43
Q

What are lithium salts and anticonvulsants commonly prescribed for?

A

Bipolar disorder

44
Q

What is the most effective for treating the manic phase of bipolar disorder?

A

Lithium

45
Q

What happens when mania is eliminated in bipolar?

A

Depression does not usually follow

46
Q

Is the therapeutic effect of lithium slow or rapid?

A

Rapid

47
Q

What are the several established and experimental biological treatments for major depressive disorder (MDD)?

A
  • drugs that increase serotonin and/or norepinephrine signaling by inhibitingg their enzymatic breakdown or by blocking their reuptake
    -ketamine
    -electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
    -deep brain stimulation
    -transcranial magnetic stimulation
    -vagus nerve stimulation
    -bright light therapy (phototherapy)
    -sleep deprivation
48
Q

What inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine but also affects other neurotransmitters?

A

tricyclic antidepressant

49
Q

What is a class of drugs that specifically inhibit the reuptake of serotonin without affecting the reuptake of other neurotransmitters?
What is the most common one?

A

Serontonin specific reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
Prozac

50
Q

What is an antidepressant drug that specifically inhibits reuptake of norepinephrine and serontonic without affecting reuptake of other neurotransmitters?

A

Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)

51
Q

What is monoamine hypothesis largely based on?
What is the idea?

A

The success of tricyclic and SSRI treatments.
Depression is caused by insufficent monoamine receptor activity

52
Q

What is the molecular precursor to seontonin?

A

Tryptophan

53
Q

What do the symptoms of depression generally not get relieved by?

A

dopamine receptor agonists

Behavioural Neuroscience (15 decks)

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