Lecture 18 Flashcards
What kind of function is verbal behaviour?
Laterialized
Where do most language disturbance occur after damage to where?
Regardless of what?
To the left side of brain.
Regardless if people are left handed or right handed
What is left hemisphere dominant for?
In how much of the population?
Speech for 90 percent of the population
How much is right hemisphere dominance in right handed people and left handed people?
4 percent of right handed people
27 percent of left handed people
What does pitch of the human voice indicate?
What does it distinguish?
It indicates phrasing
It distinguish between assertions and questions
How do humans impart information about their emotional state?
Through the prosody of their speech
What is prosody?
Rhythm, emphasis and tone of their speech
What is prosody typically a function of?
What does this mean?
The right hemisphere.
People with left hemisphere damage will still be able to appreciate prosody and extract information from it
What is recognition of a particular voice independant of?
Words and their meanings
What can people with left hemisphere damage who might not be able to understand words still recognize?
Voices
What is the disorder where people have difficulty recognizing voices?
What is it a result of?
Phonagnosia
Localized brain damage to the right superior temporal cortex
What does a task that requires comprehension of metaphors activates what?
The right superior temporal cortex
What does judging the moral of Aesop’s fable as opposed to judging more superficial aspects of the stories activate?
Regions of the right hemisphere
What does aphasia refer to?
A disturbance in understanding, repeating, or producing meaningful speech
What must happen in order to someone to have an aphasia?
The difficulty must not be caused by simple sensory or motor deficits or lack of motivation
The deficit must be relatively isolated: the patient must be capable of recognizing when others are attempting to communicate
The patient must be somewhere aware of what is happening around them
What happens when there’s damage to the frontal lobe?
It causes deficits in speaking
What are aphasias in the frontal lobe?
anterior aphasia
motor aphasia
expressive aphasia
broca’s aphasia
non fluent aphasia
what does damage to the sensory association cortex cause?
deficits in understanding language
What are aphasia’s in the sensory association cortex?
posterior aphasia
sensory aphasia
receptive aphasia
wernicke’s aphasia
fluent aphasia
What are the steps to “really” understand what a word means?
Vision: what does it look like?
Auditory: what do they sound like?
Touch: what do they feel like?
Olfaction: what does it smell like?
Gustatory: what do they taste like?
Motor: What do they act like? What does touching entail?
What is the posterior language area critical for?
Language comprehension
What happens in the posterior language area?
Give an example.
Neurons activate the ensemble of neurons through sensory association cortices that store the representations (meanings) of specific words.
Activating the DOG neurons would cause activity through sesnory association cortices (vision, hearing, touch, smell, taste and even motor commands like petting) that are associated with the word DOG
Where is the posterior language area?
The junction of the temporal, occipital and parietal lobes, around the posterior end of the lateral fissure
What is the posterior language area critical for?
Language comprehension
What does damage to the posterior language area cause?
Transcortical sensory aphasia
What is transcortical sensory aphasia?
A failure to comprehend the meaning of words and an inability to express thoughts with meaningful speech
What is possible in transcortical sensory aphasia?
Word repetition
Reading
Writing
What is conduction aphasia?
It is characterized by an inability to repeat the exact words you hear.
What is fine with conduction aphasia?
Speech : meaningful, fluid speech and good speech comprehension
What is an example of conduction aphasia?
When asked to repeat a word like house, they’ll say home
What is conduction aphasia a result of?
Damage to the connection between wernicke’s area and broca’s area, known as arcuate fasciculus
What does a direct connection between Wernicke’s area and Broca’a area enable patients with transcortical sensory aphasia?
It enables patients to repeat words that they cannot understand
What pathway is Broca’s area associated with?
a pathway that is associated with conduction aphasia
How is conduction aphasia charcterized?
Inability to repeat words that are heard
What is fine in conduction aphasia?
The ability to comprehend speech and speak normally
What causes conduction aphasia?
Damage to and around the arcuate fasciculus, a bundle of axons that connects Wernicke’s area with Broca’s area
What is wernicke’s area involved with?
Analysis of speech sounds and in recognition of spoken words
What is affected when the primary auditory cortex is injured?
Being able to hear