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Behavioural Neuroscience > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What does learning refer to?

A

The process by which experiences change our nervous system and hence our behaviour

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2
Q

What do refer to the changes of our nervous system as?

A

Memories

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3
Q

What can memories be?

A

Transient or durable
Explicit or implicit
Personal or impersonal

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4
Q

What is accesing memory known as?

A

Memory retreival

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5
Q

What is the cellular basis of long term memory?

A

Neuronal plasticity

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6
Q

What does neuronal plasticity refer to?

A

The ability of the nervous system to change and adapt

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7
Q

To identify neuronal plasticity what do researchers typically measure?

A

Intrinsic excitability and synaptic strength

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8
Q

What is intrinsic excitability?

A

The number of action potentials a neuron exhibits in response to an influx of positive current

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9
Q

What is synaptic stength?

A

The amount of positive or negative current that enters the post synaptic neuron when a presynaptic cell has an action potential

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10
Q

What is the change in strength of the synaptic connection between neurons called?

A

Synaptic plasticity

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11
Q

How is intrisic excitability determined?

A

By the number and type of ion channels expressed by the neurons

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12
Q

What are enduring changes in synaptic strength referred to as?

A

Long term potentiation or long term depression

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13
Q

What are EPSP?

A

Excitatory post synaptic potentials.
Membrane depolarizations that are driven by neurotransmitter release and postsynaptic receptor activation

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14
Q

What can synaptic plasticity involved?

A

Pre and post synaptic changes

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15
Q

On the presynaptic side, what does the amount of voltage gated calcium channels on the presynaptic membrane influence?

A

How many vesicles will be released following an action potential

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16
Q

On the post synaptic side, what does the amount of neurotransmitter receptors influence?

A

The sensitivity of the postsynaptic cell to neurotransmitter

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17
Q

What is habituation?

A

Reduced physiological or behavioural responding to a repeated stimulus

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18
Q

What is sensitization?

A

Increased sensitivity to a stimulus?

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19
Q

In regards to habituation, does the sensory neuron become less sensitive to touch?

A

No it depolarizes the same amount

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20
Q

In regards to habituation, has the excitability of the sensory neuron changed?

A

Yes, fewer action potentials occur when the siphon is touched

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21
Q

In regards to habituation, has the synaptic connection weakened between the sensory and motor neurons?

A

Yes

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22
Q

In regards to habituation, has the motor neuron become less excitable?

A

No, it spikes the same amount when depolarized

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23
Q

What do the deep neural nets used in artificial intelligence for pattern recognition have a:

A
  1. Structure
  2. Objective function
  3. Learning function
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24
Q

What are the structure of deep neural nets?

A

Number of nodes and layers as well as how each node gets activated

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25
Q

What is objective function?

A

The goal

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26
Q

What is the learning function?

A

Method of adjusting the stength of each connection to better acheive the objective function

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27
Q

What does long term potentiation increase?

A

The stength of the connection between two neurons

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28
Q

What does repeated high - frequency (tetanic) stimulation of the inputs to a neuron induce?

A

LTP

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29
Q

What side is LTP often initiated by?

A

The post synaptic side

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30
Q

Does long term depression increase or decrease the strength of the connection between two neurons?

A

Decrease

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31
Q

What does the persisitent low frequency stimulation of the inputs to a quiet neuron cause?

A

LTD

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32
Q

What side is the LTD often initiated by?

A

The postsyanptic side

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33
Q

What are LTP and LTD functions of?

A

The number of times the synapse was activated as well as whether the postsynaptic neuron fired at those precise times

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34
Q

What has to happen for LTP to occur?

A

The release of neurotransmitter must coincide with a substantial depolarization of the post synaptic cell

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35
Q

What often causes post synaptic neurons to spike?

A

High frequency axon stimulation

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36
Q

What is not sufficent to get a post synaptic neuron to spike?

A

Low frequency axon stimulation

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37
Q

What do NMDA receptors play a large role in?

A

Learning and memory

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38
Q

Where are NMDA receptors located?

A

In almost every glutamatergic synapse in the brain

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39
Q

What is the NMDA receptor?

A

An ionotropic glutamate receptor that has a large ion pore

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40
Q

What happens when NMDA receptor binds to glutamate and opens?

A

Magneisum ions (Mg2+) try to pass through its pore, but they get stuck in it and block all current flow

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41
Q

When does the Mg2+ blockage of the NMDA receptors occur?

A

When the membrane potential is below threshold

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42
Q

What happens when the membrane is depolarized because of other synaptic inputs?

A

Mg2+ ions will not try to enter through the NMDA recepter, and they won’t clug the pre

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43
Q

What is an AMPA receptor?

A

The glutamate receptor that mediates most excitatory fast synaptic currents in the brain

44
Q

Is an AMPA receptor ionotropic or metabotropic? What does it open up?

A

ionotropic, glutamate binding

45
Q

What does an AMPA receptor let in? What do they cause?

A

Sodium ions, EPSPs, that depolarize neurons

46
Q

What do most glutamate synapses in the brain have?

A

AMPA and NMDA receptors

47
Q

What is an NMDA receptor?

A

An ionotropic glutamate receptor that only passes current upon glutamate binding when the membrane potential is slightly depolariaed

48
Q

What happens when the glutamate binds when the cell is hyperpolarize?

A

The pore will get blocked by Mg2+

49
Q

What do open unblocked NMDA receptors allow?

A

Sodiym and calcium ions through

50
Q

What is an CaMKII?

A

A type II calcium-calmodulin kinase, an enzyme

51
Q

What is CaMKII activated by?

A

A calcium influx through NMDA receptors.

52
Q

What does CaMKII play a role in?

A

Intracellular signalling cascade that establish long term potentiation by increasing the number of postsynaptic AMPA receptors

53
Q

How can LTP also be expressed?

A

Through changes on the presynaptic side of things

54
Q

How do LTP’s initiate the process?

A

Postsynaptic neurons

55
Q

What is associative long term potentiation?

A

Increase in synaptic strength that occurs in weak synapses when they are active right around the time when stronger inputs cause the post synaptic neuron to spike

56
Q

What’s hebb’s rule?

A

Fire together, wire tigeth : cellular basis of learning involves the strengthening of synaptic connections that are active when the post synaptic neurons fires an action potential

57
Q

What are the types of learning?

A

Perceptual
Motor
Relational
Stimulus/response

58
Q

What is perceptual learning?

A

Learning to recognize stimuli as distinct entities

59
Q

What is motor learning?

A

Learning to make skilled, choreographed movements, procedural learning

60
Q

What is relational learning?

A

Learning relationships among individual stimuli (stimulus-stimulus learning)

61
Q

What is stimulus/response learning?
What does it include?

A

Learning to perform a particular behaviour when a particular stimulus is present .
Classical and instrumental conditioning

62
Q

What is unconsious memory? What does it entail?

A

Implicit/non declarative memory

63
Q

What do unconscious memories relate to?

A

Automatic adjustments to perceptual, cognitive and motor systems that occur beaneath the level of consiousness awareness

64
Q

How do we prob memories in the unconscious memory? Give the three examples

A

We say show me
Procedural memories (like how to ride a bike)
Perceptual memroies (how to tell identical twins apart)
Stimulus response memories (salivating in response to a tone)

65
Q

What is consciously accesible memory?

A

Exp0licit memory, declarative memory
Memories of events and facts that we can think and talk about

66
Q

How do we probe consciously accesible memory?

A

Say “tell me”

67
Q

What does consciously accesible memory include?

A

Episodic memory and sematic memory

68
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Personal experience associated with a time and place. Autobiographical memory that involves contextual information and is learned all at once

69
Q

What is sematic memory?

A

encyclopedic memory of facts and general information.

70
Q

What type of memory is perceptual learning?

A

implicit memory

71
Q

What is perceptual learning the basis of?

A

The basis of recognition and categorization

72
Q

What is perceptual learning dependant on?

A

On the neocortex - sensory association areas

73
Q

What type of memory is motor/procedural learning?

A

Implicit

74
Q

What is motor learning the basis of?

A

Motor skills

75
Q

What does motor learning involve?

A

Different parts of brain areas involved in movement

76
Q

What is relational learning/stimulus- stiumulus learning type of memory?

A

Explicit

77
Q

What is stimulus response learning memory type?

A

implicit and explicit

78
Q

What is relational/stimulus-stimulus learning the basis of?

A

Declarative memory (episodic and semantic)

79
Q

What is relational/stimulus to stimulus learning dependant on?

A

On the hippocampus and neocortex

80
Q

What is stimulus - response learning the basis of?

A

clasical (pavlovian) and instrumental (operant) conditioning

81
Q

What areas does stimulus response learning involve?

A

Different brain areas depedning on the stimulus and response

82
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Perceptual memory; lasts inly a couple seconds or less

83
Q

What does sensory memory allow an individual to?

A

An individual to retain the experience of the sensantion slightly longer than the original stimulus =

84
Q

Where does sensory memory occur?

A

In each of the senses

85
Q

How long does short - term memory last?

A

Lasts for a seconds to minutes

86
Q

Is a large fraction of short term memory sensory information?

A

No, only a small fraction

87
Q

What is the memory capacity of short term memory limited to?

A

A few items, such as the ligits in a phone number or the letters in a name

88
Q

How can the length of short term memory be extended?

A

Through rehearsal

89
Q

What does long term memory do?

A

persist

90
Q

How long thereafeter can long term memories be retrieved?

A

Throughout a lifetime

91
Q

How is long term memory strengthened?

A

With increased retrieval

92
Q

What are the different types of learning?

A

Perceptual
Motor
Relational
Stimulus - response

93
Q

What is perceptual learning?

A

Learning to recognize stimuli as distinct entities

94
Q

What is motor learning?

A

learning to make skilled, choreographed movements, procedural learning

95
Q

What is relational learning?

A

learning relationships among individual stimuli.
Stimulus-stimulus learning

96
Q

What is stiumulus- response learning?

A

learning to perform a particular behaviour when a particular stimulus is present

97
Q

What does stimulus response learning include?

A

Classical and instrumental conditioning

98
Q

What does perceptual learning enable us to do?

A

Recognize and identify objects or situations

99
Q

What type of recognition is perceptual learning?

A

Pattern recognition

100
Q

What can we do through perceptual learning?

A

Recognize changes or variations in familiar stimuli and respond to these changes

101
Q

What does perceptual learning involve?

A

Changes in the strength of connections between neurons in primary and association sensory cortices

102
Q

What is a visual agnosia?

A

Damage to regions of brain involved in visual perception not only impair ability to recognize visual stimuli but also disrupt peoples vissual memory of visual properties of familiar stimuli

103
Q

What is motor learning involved in?

A

Learning to makie a sequence of coordinated movements

104
Q

What information do we use in order to improve and optimize our movements?

A

The feedback from our joints, vestibular system, eyes, ears, etc..

105
Q

What parts of the brain are involved in motor learning?

A

The cerebellum, the thalamus, the basal ganglia and the motor cortex

106
Q

What is between session learning?

A

Where improvements in motor behaviour are seen following a period of the memory consoldiation (in part during sleep)

Behavioural Neuroscience (15 decks)

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