Lecture 21: The CNS- Integration Flashcards
Three broad reflex “systems”
Sensory, Cognitive. Behavioral-State
Sensory Reflex System
Monitors internal and external environments, initiates reflex response
Cognitive Reflex System
Initiates voluntary responses
Behavioral-State Reflex System
Governs sleep-wake cycles and other intrinsic behaviors
Three steps of integration
Sensation, Association, Motor output
Where can the simplest reflexes be integrated in?
Spinal Cord
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Somatosensory (touch, temp, pain, itch, etc.)
What are some other brain regions for special sensory information?
Visual cortex (OL), auditory cortex (TL), olfactory cortex (TL), gustatory cortex (IL)
Perception
Interpretation of sensory information, what association areas integrate sensory information into
Three types of motor responses
Skeletal, neural endocrine signals, visceral
Skeletal motor output response
Primary motor cortex, Somatic division
Neural Endocrine Signals
Coordinated in hypothalamus, ANS
Visceral
Coordinated in hypothalamus and medulla
Sensory Homunculus
Represents the amount fo cortical tissue devoted to each area
What do behavioral states influence?
Motor Output
What makes us sleepy?
Factors in CSF, Adenosine molecules suppress wakefulness neurons
Why do we sleep?
Rest and repair, process memories, clear waste from CSF
What is the center of emotion?
Limbic system (especially amygdala)
Motivation
Internal signals that shape voluntary behaviors (eating, drinking, curiosity)
What is pleasure and addictive behaviors linked to?
Dopamine
Moods
Longer lasting than emotions, related to one’s sense of well being
Two types of learning
Associative, Non-associative
Classical Conditioning
Two stimuli at the same time, response first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone
Operant Conditioning
Rewards and punishment for behaviors
Implicit/ Procedural Memory
Physical skills and habits. Move from cerebrum to cerebellum
Explicit/ Declarative Memory
Facts acquired during life and autobiographical episodes of our experiences
Engrams
Memory Trace
What determines that a engram will strengthen?
Nature, intensity, and frequency of original stimulus; Drugs that stimulate CNS (caffeine, nicotine) may enhance memory consolidation and engram strengthening
Alzheimer’s disease
Degeneration of brain, characterized by memory problems, intellectual deterioration
Language skills pathway
Sensation, Wernicke’s area, Broca’s area, motor output
Damage to Wernicke’s Area
Receptive aphasia; no comprehension
Damage to Broca’s Area
Expressive aphasia; comprehend, not speak
