Lecture 21: The CNS- Integration

Question 1

Three broad reflex “systems”

Answer 1

Sensory, Cognitive. Behavioral-State

Question 2

Sensory Reflex System

Answer 2

Monitors internal and external environments, initiates reflex response

Question 3

Cognitive Reflex System

Answer 3

Initiates voluntary responses

Question 4

Behavioral-State Reflex System

Answer 4

Governs sleep-wake cycles and other intrinsic behaviors

Question 5

Three steps of integration

Answer 5

Sensation, Association, Motor output

Question 6

Where can the simplest reflexes be integrated in?

Answer 6

Spinal Cord

Question 7

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Answer 7

Somatosensory (touch, temp, pain, itch, etc.)

Question 8

What are some other brain regions for special sensory information?

Answer 8

Visual cortex (OL), auditory cortex (TL), olfactory cortex (TL), gustatory cortex (IL)

Question 9

Perception

Answer 9

Interpretation of sensory information, what association areas integrate sensory information into

Question 10

Three types of motor responses

Answer 10

Skeletal, neural endocrine signals, visceral

Question 11

Skeletal motor output response

Answer 11

Primary motor cortex, Somatic division

Question 12

Neural Endocrine Signals

Answer 12

Coordinated in hypothalamus, ANS

Question 13

Visceral

Answer 13

Coordinated in hypothalamus and medulla

Question 14

Sensory Homunculus

Answer 14

Represents the amount fo cortical tissue devoted to each area

Question 15

What do behavioral states influence?

Answer 15

Motor Output

Question 16

What makes us sleepy?

Answer 16

Factors in CSF, Adenosine molecules suppress wakefulness neurons

Question 17

Why do we sleep?

Answer 17

Rest and repair, process memories, clear waste from CSF

Question 18

What is the center of emotion?

Answer 18

Limbic system (especially amygdala)

Question 19

Motivation

Answer 19

Internal signals that shape voluntary behaviors (eating, drinking, curiosity)

Question 20

What is pleasure and addictive behaviors linked to?

Answer 20

Dopamine

Question 21

Moods

Answer 21

Longer lasting than emotions, related to one’s sense of well being

Question 22

Two types of learning

Answer 22

Associative, Non-associative

Question 23

Classical Conditioning

Answer 23

Two stimuli at the same time, response first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone

Question 24

Operant Conditioning

Answer 24

Rewards and punishment for behaviors

Question 25

Implicit/ Procedural Memory

Answer 25

Physical skills and habits. Move from cerebrum to cerebellum

Question 26

Explicit/ Declarative Memory

Answer 26

Facts acquired during life and autobiographical episodes of our experiences

Question 27

Engrams

Answer 27

Memory Trace

Question 28

What determines that a engram will strengthen?

Answer 28

Nature, intensity, and frequency of original stimulus; Drugs that stimulate CNS (caffeine, nicotine) may enhance memory consolidation and engram strengthening

Question 29

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 29

Degeneration of brain, characterized by memory problems, intellectual deterioration

Question 30

Language skills pathway

Answer 30

Sensation, Wernicke’s area, Broca’s area, motor output

Question 31

Damage to Wernicke’s Area

Answer 31

Receptive aphasia; no comprehension

Question 32

Damage to Broca’s Area

Answer 32

Expressive aphasia; comprehend, not speak