Lecture 21- Estuarine geomorphology and processes I Flashcards

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1
Q

What is estuarine geomorphology?

A

-The study of estuaries as landforms: how they got there, how they operate, and how will they evolve -The interaction of processes and how they control the system

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2
Q

What are estuarine processes?

A

-Waves, tides, river flow and currents -change is associated with tide levels and sea levels -main process are detrmined by its location -have combination of river, sea and land -inflow and outflow (ebb) -also sediments brought there -barrier -tiddes= have strong control over salinity in the estuary -river flow= controls the flow of freshwater into the estuary -if weak flow= the mouth may close into the estuary

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3
Q

Why is geomorphology important for zoology?

A

-the landforms are what the ecology and biology exists on -sediments that compose the landforms are the primary habitat -species have preferences for different habitats, so species distribution changes as habitat changed both spatially and temporally -sediments are important sinks, stores and sources of nutrients and pollutants

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4
Q

What are the processes that drive hydrodynamics determined by?

A

-The processes that drive hydrodynamics are also determined by the morphology of the landscape. -the wave tide and flow are also influenced by the topography

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5
Q

What is a resident time of a sediment and what does it indicate?

A

-resident time of sediment= how long it stays -indicated the rate of change in the estuary

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6
Q

What are deltas and estuaries associated with?

A

-dynamic systems associated with the mouths of rivers

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7
Q

What are deltas composed of?

A

-river-derived sediment -Deltas form from deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth.

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8
Q

What are estuaries?

A

-tidal-influenced lower parts of river and their valleys -a semi-enclosed coastal body of water, which has a free connection with the open sea, and within sea water is measurably diluted with freshwater derived from land drainage

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9
Q

What is the distinction between a delta and an estuary?

A

-mouth can be closed off by sediment -delta only from the river -estuary is both marine and from river

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10
Q

Where will deltas occur?

A

-in an estuary

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11
Q

How are deltas and estuaries a continuum?

A

estuary into delta

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12
Q

What is the definition of an estuary?

A

-The tidally influenced lower parts of catchments where a river enters the ocean

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13
Q

What is the definition of a delta?

A

-An area of sediment deposition as a river flows to the ocean!

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14
Q

How are deltas and estuaries members of an evolutionary continuum?

A
  • balance between the three things
  • so estuary can change into a delta
  • regression= down sea level
  • progression= up sea level
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15
Q

What is the continuum of process dominance?

A

-

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16
Q

What are the two types of estuaries? (based on physical classifications of mixing)

A
  1. Wave dominated 2. Tide dominated (higher proportion of tide energy) (3. River dominated= she didn’t say it but it is)
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17
Q

What are the three types of deltas?

A
  1. RIver dominated 2. Wave dominated 3. Tide dominated
18
Q

What is a wave dominated delta like?

A
  • nile delta
  • rich form around the edge
  • this is due to the higher proportion of wave energy, they pick it up and deposit in a line
19
Q

What is a tide dominated delta like?

A
  • lot of channels due to inflow and outflow of the tides
  • Ganges delta
20
Q

What is a river dominated delta like?

A
  • Gulf of Mexico
  • plumes of sediment far off coast
  • cloudy area off the river is sediment being transported off the coast
21
Q

What is a tidal bore?

A
  • a tidal phenomenon in which the leading edge of the incoming tide forms a wave (or waves) of water that travels up a river or narrow bay against the direction of the river or bay’s current. - have several waves on the edge of the estuary, they converge and push into the estuary -huge wave
22
Q

What happens to waves in estuaries?

A

-become asymmetrical, extreme case: tidal bore

23
Q

How are estuaries divided according to tidal wave changes?

A

hypersynchronous, synchronous, hyposynchronous.

24
Q

What is hyposynchronous estuary?

A
  • very sharp decrease in amplitude up estuary from high bottom friction. ex. - Delaware Bay
  • tidal range decrease with the river -friction or depth is the dominant over the width
25
Q

What is hypersynchronous estuary?

A
  • bottom friction and shoreline convergence causes a loss of tidal energy.
  • tide rises in amplitude, amplification, before falling at the mouth of the river, ex. Bay of Fundy
  • the width is the dominant factor over the depth
  • as you move upstream have increase in tidal amplitude (height and power)
26
Q

Are ebb and flow often equal?

A

-no very unusual for them to be equal

27
Q

What happens when you have shortened flood and lengthen ebb?

A
  • have development of flood an ebb channels
  • important in sediment plus nutrient transport and fish movement
28
Q

What are waves like and how do they impact estuaries?

A

-usually high energy -can erode the beach profile -transport salt water into the freshwater bit of the estuary

29
Q

What do fluvian process depend on?

A

-depends on amount of rainfall in the catchment, how large the catchment is (the contributing area into the river) -also the gradient= if steeper then more water

30
Q

What is ebb?

A

-is the movement of a tide back toward the sea.

31
Q

What is flow?

A

-tide coming in

32
Q

How do residual currents form?

A

-from the mixing of fresh and salt water -salty water more dense -results from the densities and temp differences

33
Q

How can we classify estuaries?

A

-on the basis of the degree of mixing -how well is the salt water mixed with the freshwater -important for biology, different organisms have different salinity ranges in which they can live

34
Q

What are the 4 types of estuaries based on the degree of mixing?

A

1.Highly stratified (salt wedge) estuaries 2.Moderately stratified (partially mixed) 3.Non-stratified (well mixed, vertically homogeneous) 4.Negative stratification

35
Q

What are the highly stratified (salt wedge) estuaries like?

A
  • Greater river flow
  • Occur commonly in deep estuaries
  • Sediment dominated by river
  • very clear layers of freshwater and salt water
  • fresh on top as less dense
  • form where greater amount of river flow, occur in estuaries that are deep, fjord type valleys
  • sedimentation is dominated by river sediments so more mud etc.
  • can be 100s of meter deep
  • numbers= salinity value -0= fresh
36
Q

What are the moderately stratified (partially mixed) estuaries like?

A
  • most of estuaries are like this
  • tide energy has greater proportion -less drastic change in salinity
  • Majority of estuaries
  • Shallow, tides overcome fluvial flow
  • Stronger ebb at surface, flood at depth
37
Q

What are the non-stratified (well mixed, vertically homogeneous) estuaries like?

A
  • Tides fully over come fluvial flow
  • Shallow, wide estuaries of have lateral differentiation of salinity
  • non stratified, no distinction in freshwater and saltwaer
  • salinity almost the same as you move vertically
  • further inland the salinity value will increase or decrease
  • wide mouth
38
Q

What are the negative stratification estuaries like?

A
  • inverse relationship here, salinity is higher at the mouth
  • this is where it is dry, lot of evaporation, common in australia
  • occurs in arid areas, high evaporation
39
Q

What happened in this picture?

A

-the mouth closes off, that evaporates -salty -anoxic = no oxygen -build up of nuntrients

40
Q

What is important in forming deltas and estuaries?

A

-Tide, wave and fluvial processes are important as well as the underlying topographic setting