Lecture 13 - Sensory Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens to molecular complexity with distance from the source?

A

It declines.

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2
Q

What are sensors?

A

Accessories to the nervous system that act as transducers.

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3
Q

Name an organism that uses an electrosensing.

A

Freshwater crayfish

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4
Q

What is flow detected by?

A

Surface hairs

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5
Q

Describe the detection of flow on coral planula.

A

Detect turbulence and flow using cilia.

Move towards the source of the sound.

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6
Q

Describe the detection of flow in copepods.

A

Use antennae.

Allows them to lock into the water that they’re surrounded by and detect small-scale vibrations in the water.

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7
Q

What is vibration detected by?

A

Accelerometers

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8
Q

Describe how crabs detect vibration.

A

Fuse sand grains together, creating a large crystalline structure which will vibrate relative to the crab.

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9
Q

Give some differences in fish eyes compared to the eye structure of other invertebrates.

A
  • The lens is solid in fish
  • Muscles move the lens forward and backwards, and do not stretch it.
  • Fish have a fixed pupil.
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10
Q

What is the role of

a) Rods?
b) Cones?

A

a) Rods = vision in low light, deep sea.

b) Cones = resolution, colour discrimination.

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11
Q

True or false:

The ratio of rods and cones found in the retina is constant in fish.

A

FALSE.

The ratio of rods and cones varies depending on where fish live.

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12
Q

Describe the work of Siebeck et al (2010).

A

Described ultraviolet vision in shallow water species.

There are unique marks fish can see that are used for individual recognition, e.g. mate recognition.

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13
Q

Give the three pigments found in cones.

Describe the type of light they sense, and what sort of species they are found in.

A

1) Porphyropsin - yellow-red light, found in shallow species.
2) Rhodopsin - blue-green light, found in deeper water species.
3) Chryopsin - deep blue light, found in deep sea species.

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14
Q

Describe a visual adaptation in striped marlin.

A

The retina gives high acuity and colour recognition looking forward and upward, and blue vision for dim objects looking down.

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15
Q

Describe a visual adaptation of marlin and billfishes.

A

Can warm their eyes.

Eyes then work faster than cold-blooded prey species.

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16
Q

Describe a visual adaptation of lemon sharks.

A

Undergo an ontogenetic shift from Porphyopsin pigments as juveniles in mangroves, to rhodopsin pigment as adults in deeper waters.

17
Q

Describe a visual adaptation of Engraulids (eels and salmons).

A

Can detect polarised light.

Use it as a compass, allowing them to detect the direction for long-distance migrations.

18
Q

What is the name of receptors involved in electroreception?

A

Ampullary receptors

19
Q

What are Ampullae of Lorezini?

A

Hair cells with a cap of conductive gel, allowing the fish to detect and electrosense.

20
Q

What are Ampullae of Lorezini found in?

A
  • Lampreys
  • Sharks
  • Coelocanths
  • Sturgeons
  • Bony fishes
21
Q

Where can variation in the magnetoscent be detected in fish?

A
  • From regional features, e.g. volcanic islands, with high levels of magnetic matter in rocks
  • From local features, e.g. minerals in the seabed with magnetic signals.
22
Q

Why are sharks and rays vulnerable to detection?

A

They have sensitive electroreception which disrupt the magnetic field.

23
Q

Give some uses for chemoreception.

A
  • Finding food
  • Recognising food
  • Detecting and avoiding predators
  • Locating habitat
  • Communication
24
Q

Describe chemoreception structures in fish.

A
  • Have paired olfactory chambers, each with incurrent and excurrent nostrils.
  • Olfactory chamber lined with highly folded olfactory epithelium; high density of olfactory receptor cells as water passes through canal.
25
Q

What is mechanoreception?

A

The detection of physical movement.

26
Q

What is mechanoreception detected by?

A

Specialised cilia bundles that are orientated in different directions.

27
Q

How does mechanoreception work?

A

Relative movement of kinocilium and stereocilia generate nervous impulse (greater when moving in the same direction).

28
Q

How can animals detect the intensity of a disturbance in mechanoreception?

A

Have different lengths of stereocilia. If the disturbance is faint, the longest will move only. But intense disturbance causes movement of all the hair cells.

29
Q

What is the lateral line system used for?

A

Motion detection (e.g. current detection, obstacles, prey, predators, shoalmates)

30
Q

What is the benefit of the lateral line system being within a canal?

A

Means no flow is generated from its own swimming, but any other movement disturbs the water flowing naturally over the skin, generating differential movement of water.

31
Q

What is an otolith?

A
  • Free floating
  • High density of hair cells arranged in bundles pointing in different directions around the otolith.
  • Otolith vibrates relative to the fish; fish can detect direction of the sound.