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PTH9111 Test 2 > Lecture 21 - Cerebral cortex and diencephalon > Flashcards

Lecture 21 - Cerebral cortex and diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

Gray Matter

A

Sheet of neural tissue that makes up outer layer of the brain

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2
Q

White Matter

A

Nerve fibers that connect neurons in different brain regions into functional circuits

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3
Q

Sulci and Gyri

A

Increase cortical surface area

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4
Q

10 functions of the cortex

A
  1. Memory storage and recall
  2. Language comprehension/production
  3. Musical abilities
  4. Attention
  5. Process all sensations
  6. Object and face recognition
  7. Plan/execute motor activities
  8. Integrate prior experiences
  9. Emotions
  10. Pain and threat detection
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5
Q

Name the 4 lobes of the brain

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal
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6
Q

Name the 6 key areas of the frontal lobe

A
  1. Primary motor area (4)
  2. Premotor Area (6)
  3. Supplementary Motor Area (6)
  4. Frontal Eye Fields (8)
  5. Brocas Area
  6. Prefrontal Area
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7
Q

Name 4 primary frontal lobe functions and describe them

A
  1. Movement Control: Planning and execution of movements
  2. Conjugate Eye Movements: Moving eyes together (R frontal eye controls movement of both eyes to left)
  3. Speech production (Broca’s area): Process info of temporal cortex and writes a script for speech that is passed to primary motor cortex
  4. Personality: Damage causes hypo-emotionality, disturbed social behaviour, distress, emotional dysregulation, and decision making
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8
Q

What 5 affects happen due to frontal lobe lesions

A
  1. Hemiplegia
  2. Weakness
  3. Apraxia
  4. Personality Disorders
  5. Aphasia
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9
Q

Apraxia

A

Unable to perform learned movements on command

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10
Q

Hemiplegia

A

Paralysis to one side of the body

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11
Q

Aphasia

A

Deficits in language expression

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12
Q

Parietal lobe 3 key areas

A
  1. Primary Somatosensory (1,2,3,deeper aspect of 4)
  2. Secondary Somatosensory (5,40)
  3. Association areas (7,39)S
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13
Q

Name and describe the 2 primary functions of the parietal lobe

A
  1. Sensation: Receives sensory inputs from thalamus and is responsible for touch, position, vibration, pressure, and temperature
  2. Integrate sensory info with other modalities of higher functions such as motor planning, learning, language, spatial recognition and stereognosis
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14
Q

Stereognosis

A

Ability to differentiate between objects based on size, shape, weight

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15
Q

What 4 factors occur due to parietal lobe lesions

A
  1. Loss of sensation
  2. Sensory Apraxia
  3. Asomatognosia
  4. Neglect Syndrome
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16
Q

Sensory Apraxia

A

Unable to use an object because an individual cannot perceive its purpose

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17
Q

Asomatognosia

A

Denial of existence of a body part

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18
Q

Neglect Syndrome

A

Failure to recognize opposite side of body and its surroundings

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19
Q

Occipital Lobe 2 key areas

A

1) Primary Visual area (17)
2. Visual Association Area (18,19)

20
Q

Occipital lobe function

A

Visual processing and interpretation

21
Q

What 3 factors occur due to occipital lobe lesions

A
  1. Blindness
  2. Color blindness
  3. Inability to detect moving objects
22
Q

Temporal lobe 6 key areas

A
  1. Primary auditory area (41)
  2. Secondary Auditory Area (42)
  3. Auditory Association Area (22)
  4. Areas associated with emotion
  5. Memory
  6. Speech- Wernicke’s Area (22)
23
Q

Name the 7 functions of the temporal lobe

A
  1. Translating/processing all sounds and tones
  2. Phonological representation of words
  3. Semantic retrieval
  4. Semantic memory
  5. Visual/Facial perception
  6. Declarative Memory
  7. Familiarity
24
Q

Semantic Retrieval

A

Assign meaning to words

25
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Remembering thoughts/objectives that are common knowledge

26
Q

Declarative Memory

A

Remembering concepts/events that happened or learned throughout life

27
Q

What are 6 affects due to temporal lobe lesions

A
  1. Phenomics paraphasia
  2. Memory impairments/forgetfulness
  3. Visual hallucinations
  4. Inability to recognize faces/self
  5. Impaired language comprehension
  6. Unilateral lesion will affect localization of sound but not produce significant hearing loss
28
Q

Phenomics paraphasia

A

Sound substitution/rearrangement (tephelone instead of telephone

29
Q

What are the 4 key regions of the diencephalon

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Epithalamus
  4. Subthalamus
30
Q

Thalamus

A

2 oval collections of nuclei that process all sensory info (except smell) before being sent to cortex

31
Q

What are the 4 nuclei that make up the thalamus and their function

A
  1. Medial Geniculate Nuclei -> hearing
  2. Lateral Geniculate Nuclei -> vision
  3. Ventral Posterior Nuclei -> taste and somatic sensations (pressure)
  4. Anterior Nucleus -> emotions and memory
32
Q

6 functions of the diencephalon

A

Primary relay and processing center for sensory info and autonomic control:
1. Control autonomic body functions
2. Connect endocrine structures
3. Limbic system
4. Motor function
5. Hearing, vision, smell, taste
6. Touch perception

33
Q

10 affects of a diencephalon lesion

A
  1. Memory loss
  2. Lack of interest
  3. Trouble with attention/alertness
  4. Impaired movement
  5. Trouble processing sensory info
  6. Sleeping/unconsciousness
  7. Insomnia
  8. Thalamic aphasia (jumbled words/meaningless speech)
  9. Vision problems
  10. Thalamic pain syndrome (tingling/burning pain)
34
Q

What are the 4 fibers for cortical communication

A
  1. Intracortical fibers
  2. Association fibers
  3. Commissural fibers
  4. Projection fibers
35
Q

Intracortical fibers

A

Connect neurons in localized area

36
Q

Association fibers

A

Connect between gyri and from lobe to lobe in same hemisphere eg. superior longitudinal fasciculus

37
Q

Commissural Fibers

A

Connect homologous areas of 2 hemispheres eg. corpus callosum

38
Q

Projection fibers

A

Connect cortex with subcortical nuclei

39
Q

Name 2 projection fibers and if they are afferent or efferent

A
  1. Corticofugal (efferent)
  2. Corticopetal (afferent)
40
Q

T or F: Some functions are lateralized to one hemisphere (eg. motor skills) resulting in higher functions on that one side

A

T

41
Q

T or F: Everyones brain is the same

A

F

42
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Ability of nervous system to rewire

43
Q

List 2 factors affected by neuroplasticity

A
  1. Learning and memory
  2. Recovery of function after injury
44
Q

[blank] input is the most powerful driver of plasticity

A

Afferent

45
Q

What is the diagnosis, any symptoms that through us off, and how to manage through physiotherapy

A

Diagnosis: Frontal lobe syndrome and xray/CT scan show multiple fontal bone fracture and edema

Symptoms that throw off: Sensory system issues like sensorimotor integration and anosmia; speech issues as all these areas are located in frontal cortex

Physiotherapy: Target exercise for grip strength, exercise focused on balance/coordination, active rehab for neuroplasticity, manage expectations/behavioral symptoms, and appropriate short/long-term planning with family

PTH9111 Test 2 (16 decks)

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