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PTH9111 Test 2 > Lecture 17 - Aging > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Aging Flashcards

1
Q

define geriatrics

A

refers to health care for older adults

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2
Q

define gerontology

A

study of aging, including biologic, sociologic and psychological changes

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3
Q

what is the benchmark age for older adults
1. in Canada
2. in developing countries (WHO)

A
  1. 65 and older
  2. 50 and older
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4
Q

what is the age of the “oldest old”

A

80 and above

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5
Q

describe the projected shape change of the demographic shift on the age pyramid?

A

triangle to rectangle

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6
Q

what are 3 reasons we expect to see a change of shape in the aging pyramid?

A
  • overall health of people in improving
  • birth rate is decreasing
  • babyboomers are aging
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7
Q

What are 4 key lifestyle behaviours that increase the risk of developing chronic disease?

A
  1. Tobacco use
  2. Harmful use of alcohol
  3. Unhealthy eating
  4. Physical inactivity
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8
Q

name 2 environmental based health determinants that affect the risk of developing chronic diseases (both lessen risk)

A
  1. strong levels of social support, socail networks, and social engagement
  2. creating age-friendly environments to address determinants of health (allowing them to engage in the community)
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9
Q

_____ are a major cause of injury, disability, hospitalization, and premature portability in older adults

A

falls

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10
Q

what are the leading causes of disability found in older adults? (5)

A
  1. diabetes
  2. high systolic BP
  3. stroke
  4. heart failure
  5. COPD
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11
Q

name a couple chronic diseases that women are at an increased risk of having (4):

A
  • osteoporosis
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • mood and anxiety disorders
  • dementia
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12
Q

chronological theory of aging

A

number of years since someone was born

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13
Q

Biological theory of aging

A

physical changes that “slow us down” as we get into middle and older years
(irreversible decline in organ function even in the absence of illness and injury)

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14
Q

psychological theory of aging

A

changes in individual behaviour over the lifespan

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15
Q

social theory of aging

A

changes in a persons roles and relationships both within their networks of relatives and friends and in formal organizations such as the workplace (influenced by the perception of aging)

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16
Q

successful aging

A

used to distinguish between individuals with the characteristics of usual aging and those adults who have managed aging with minimum effects

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17
Q

optimal aging

A

an individual achieves life satisfaction in multiple domains despite the presence of disabling medical conditions

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18
Q

how should you refer to someone above the age of 65?

A

older adults

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19
Q

T or F: populations of older adults are more complex and heterogeneous than younger cohorts

A

true

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20
Q

what is the definition of ageism

A

the stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination directed towards people on the basis of their age

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21
Q

what age do we call the “magical threshold” for aging?

A

30

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22
Q

what are some age-related changes in the somatosensory system? (5)

A

decreased
- light touch
- proprioception
- two-point discrimination
- vibration sense
- muscle spindle activity

23
Q

what are some age-related changes in vision? (6)

A
  • Decreased visual acuity
  • Decreased contrast sensitivity
  • Decreased depth perception
  • decreased Peripheral vision
    Decreased colour vision
  • Presbyopia
    Pupils react more slowly to light
  • Decreased ability to adapt to glare
24
Q

what are some age-related changes in the vestibular system? (4)

A
  • Decreased vestibular hair cells
  • Decreased vestibular nerve cells
  • Conflicting visual and somatosensory information
  • Dizziness and unsteadiness
25
Q

what are some age-related changes in the nervous system? (3)

A
  • Decline in CNS function ~ 1% per year after age 30
  • Decline in grey and white matter volume
  • Decrease in neurotransmitters (throughout parts of the brain)
26
Q

what are some age-related changes in the neuromuscular system? (6)

A
  • Slowing of reaction time
  • Slowing of muscle timing and sequencing
  • Decreased ROM/flexibility
  • Decreased muscle endurance
  • Decreased upper and lower extremity muscle strength
  • Impaired postural alignment (e.g., kyphosis)
27
Q

what is the definition of geriatric syndromes?

A

term used to describe a group of common health conditions in
older people that do not fit into discrete disease categories.

28
Q

what are some examples of Geriatric syndromes? (6)

A
  • frailty
  • functional limitation
  • falls
  • polypharmacy
  • malnutrition
  • cognitive impairment
29
Q

what is frailty?

A

Age-related cumulative declines across multiple physiologic systems, resulting in a harder time achieving homeostasis and withstanding biomechanical stresses leading to adverse health outcomes including falls, hospitalization,
institutionalization and death

30
Q

what are signs and symptoms of frailty?

A
  1. unintended weight-loss
  2. exhuastion
  3. weakness
  4. slow gait speed
  5. low physical activity
31
Q

describe the frailty scoring systems.

A

based on how many of the symptoms a person presents with:
0 = not frail
1-2 = pre-frail
3 or more = frailty diagnosis

32
Q

what are some interventions that can target the physical phenotype of frailty

A

Mobility, strength, balance, nutrition and physical activity

33
Q

T or F: in older adults, most falls are unwitnessed and occur quickly during normal activities

A

true

34
Q

what are the 4 categories of factors associated with an increased risk of falls?

A
  • biological
    -behavioural
    -social and economic
    -environmental
35
Q

T or F: falls are the leading cause of head-injury and hospitalizations among children and youth & adults > 60 years

A

true

36
Q

T or F: there is a decrease seen in the number and rate of deaths due to falls

A

F, we are seeing an increase

37
Q

what are some of the fall preventions that fall within PT scope of practice? (7)

A
  • Balance
  • Gait * Strength, power and endurance
  • Flexibility
  • Mobility
  • Concern for falling
  • Environment * Assistive devices
  • Education
38
Q

do we see a larger decrease in muscle strength or power as people age?

A

power, lost at 2x the rate of strength

39
Q

T or F: there is an upper age limit on who can benefit from physical activity and exercise

A

false, there is no upper limit

40
Q

with aging we see a decrease in what 3 muscle functions?

A
  1. strength
  2. power
  3. endurance
41
Q

why do we see a decrease in muscle force with age?

A
  • Muscle atrophy
  • Change in architecture (decrease in cross-sectional area)
42
Q

why might Older adults demonstrate increased resistance to fatigue?

A
  • Greater proportion of type I muscle fibers
  • Slower contractile properties
43
Q

what happens to joints and ligaments as we age?

A
  • ↓ flexibility of joint capsule
  • ↓ quality and quantity of synovial
    fluid
  • ↑ stiffness of ligaments
  • ↓ information from joint receptors
  • ↓ cartilage thickness
  • ↓ water content
  • ↑ resistance to gliding
44
Q

T or F: Healthy older adult is less able to
accommodate the added stress of exertion and fatigue than healthy younger adults with comparable workloads

A

true

45
Q

T or F: Pulmonary responses to low and moderate exercise are decreased in older individuals

A

false, Pulmonary responses to low and moderate exercise are the same in people of all ages

46
Q

physical literacy

A

The motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to value and take
responsibility for engagement in physical activities for life

47
Q

What is important to note when trying to introduce physical activity to someone?

A
  • Changing people’s behaviour is very difficult * Need to know what will motivate your target
    audience to engage in and maintain
  • Physical activit
48
Q

what are some barriers and facilitators to physical activity participation in older adults:

A
  1. social influences
  2. physical limitations
  3. competing priorities
  4. access difficulties
  5. personal benefits of physical activity
  6. motivation and beliefs
49
Q

explain the 24 hour physical activity guideline for older adults

A

*can’t attach the image so look on slide 58

50
Q

what are some specific considerations for physical activity guidelines?

A
  • For intensity & duration start low for deconditioned persons
  • Muscle strengthening & balance may need to precede aerobic training in frail individuals
  • To improve fitness exceed minimum levels
  • If chronic conditions preclude activity at minimum levels
  • Perform activities as tolerated to prevent being sedentary
51
Q

what is the physio approach like for older adults?

A

The approach is the same as any adult, but consider issues related to chronic health conditions, cognition, frailty, living situation, social situation, physiological changes that occur with aging (hearing, communication, vision)
Older adults are a heterogeneous group, get to know your client

52
Q

what are the 3 yes/no questions to ask for falls in the subjective history?

A

Any fall in the previous 12 months?
* Feels unsteady when standing or walking?
* Worries about falling?

53
Q

what are the 7 tasks of the functional fitness assessment?

A
  • 30-Second Chair Stand
  • 30-Second Arm Curl
  • 2-Minute Step Test OR 6-Minute Walk Test
  • Chair Sit-and-Reach
  • Back Scratch
  • 8-Foot Up-and-Go
  • Balance – Single Leg Stance Test

PTH9111 Test 2 (16 decks)

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