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General Ecology > Lecture 21: Biodiversity & Global Ecology: Global biodiversity & history > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Biodiversity & Global Ecology: Global biodiversity & history Flashcards

1
Q

define biodiversity

A

variation among ecological systems at all scales

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2
Q

Biodiversity research is especially focused on explaining how the ___________________ of organisms in ecological systems ___________________________

A
  • abundance and richness
  • changes across the planet
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3
Q

Gradients of global plant diversity - What global patterns of biodiversity can we identify?

A
  • Strong latitudinal gradients in biodiversity
  • At the same latitude, different regions do not all have the same level of biodiversity
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4
Q

Gradients of biodiversity for different organisms in the same location (North America)

A

All have a general latitudinal gradient, but lots of variation in diversity at the same latitude within and across different organisms

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5
Q

Why are there so many species in the tropics? - historical perspective

A
  1. “museum” hypothesis
  2. “cradle” hypothesis
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6
Q

“museum” hypothesis

A

Biodiversity accumulates without limits, and the tropics are older and have more time to accumulate species

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7
Q

“cradle” hypothesis

A

Diversity reaches an equilibrium that is higher in the tropics

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8
Q

Why are there so many species in the tropics? - modern view

A
  • Biodiversity accumulates over time, but rates of accumulation can vary by region, latitude, and age of that group
  • The biodiversity in any one place is a balance between the historical accumulation of species and the equilibrium from abiotic and biotic interactions
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9
Q

On short time-scales, _____________ of colonization and local extinction ___________ from the _________________________

A
  • local processes
  • sort species
  • “regional species pool”
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10
Q

Biodiversity of the ________________________ is ultimately constrained by the number of species that have ________________________________

A
  • regional species pool
  • evolved in the region and have yet to go extinct
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11
Q

___________________ that influence __________________________ at biogeographical scales are ____________________________________

A
  • Historical processes
  • species production and extinction
  • critical for understanding present-day biodiversity
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12
Q

Major influences on historical species accumulation

A
  1. time
  2. landmass size and location
  3. isolation
  4. historical climate change (major but slow shifts)
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13
Q

Major influences on historical species accumulation - time

A

More time allows more species to be produced and accumulate

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14
Q

Major influences on historical species accumulation - landmass size and location

A

More area allows more opportunity for speciation

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15
Q

Major influences on historical species accumulation - isolation

A

Facilitates speciation and independent evolution

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16
Q

Major influences on historical species accumulation - Historical climate change (major but slow shifts)

A

Drives large-scale changes in the other influences (time, landmass size and location, isolation)

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17
Q

Life remained ___________________________, and __________________ were strikingly ___________________

A
  • basic for most of earth’s history
  • ecological systems
  • different from today
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18
Q

_______________________ produced ______________________________________ – the original ecosystem engineers

A
  • Photosynthetic microbes
  • oxygen byproduct that shifted the atmosphere
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19
Q

_____________________ made ______________________________ forms possible

A
  • Atmospheric oxygen
  • more complex metabolism and life
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20
Q

______________ cell is the product of the ____________________________

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • last billion years of evolution
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21
Q

____________________ phyla appeared about _______________________ – arthropods (e.g., crabs), mollusks (e.g., snails), brachiopods (e.g., clams), echinoderms (e.g., sea stars)

A
  • Modern invertebrate
  • 540 million years ago
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22
Q

Diversification of ___________ has proceeded mostly________________ for about the ____________________ (after dinosaur extinction)

A
  • modern groups
  • uninterrupted
  • last 65 million years
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23
Q

because of diversification of modern groups being mostly uninterrupted, __________________________________________________ are therefore ___________________________________

A
  • Modern species pools and ecological systems
  • composed of life that accumulated in this relatively recent time frame
24
Q

Major __________________ have had their own ________________ that have further ________________________________

A
  • geographical regions
  • more recent histories
  • influenced speciation and extinction
25
Q

what is reflected in modern biodiversity patterns?

A

Regional histories and interactions between regional biodiversity in the last 65 million years

26
Q

Landmass area and location ________ to determine species accumulation

A

interact

27
Q

_________ land masses generally allow for ____________________, but area being equal, __________ of landmass determines __________________________________ – for all the reasons we know about in hot, wet locations

A
  • Larger
  • more species to evolve and coexist
  • location
  • climate and rate of species accumulation
28
Q

define microevolution

A

change over time within a population

29
Q

define macroevolution

A

evolutionary change that results in the production of new species

30
Q

two contrasting modes of speciation

A
  1. Sympatric speciation
  2. Allopatric speciation
31
Q

define sympatric speciation

A

The evolution of new species within a population, without any geographical isolation

32
Q

Sympatric speciation - especially important in what?

A

Especially important in contributing to species accumulation in highly productive (hot and wet) regions

33
Q

define allopatric speciation

A

The evolution of new species via geographic isolation of subpopulations

34
Q

Allopatric speciation - geographical isolation

A

“Geographical isolation” may actually be on very small scales for many organisms, so landmass changes can cause many fine-scale isolation barriers

35
Q

_________________ followed by __________________________ in distinct ecological niches results in sympatric speciation

A
  • Disruptive selection
  • reinforcing reproductive isolation
36
Q

_________________ in isolated locations _______________________________, results in allopatric speciation

A
  • Directional selection
  • reinforced by reproductive isolation
37
Q

define vicariance

A

the splitting of a widely distributed ancestral population by continental drift or other major geological barrier to dispersal

38
Q

vicariance - what does it “seed”?

A

new landmasses with similar diversity

39
Q

__________________ evolution created ______________________________

A
  • Subsequent independent
  • divergent patterns of biodiversity
40
Q

After vicariance, __________________ between long-isolated regions can drive ___________________________

A
  • new connections
  • radical changes in biodiversity
41
Q

Vicariance example: Army ants and Driver ants - _______________________________________ with rudimentary version of raiding behavior, followed by _____________________________ of similar complex biology on different continents

A
  • Similar biology is from common ancestor
  • vicariance and remarkable convergent evolution
42
Q

the major zoogeographical regions are based on what?

A

based on the distinct distributions of modern animals

43
Q

The distributions of animals reflect ______________________________ followed by ______________________________________

A
  • historical, biogeographical separation
  • accumulated influences of more modern interactions
44
Q

What major, and fairly modern land-connection event shaped North and South American biodiversity that we see today?

A

The isthmus of Panama and the great American interchange between north-south America

45
Q

The land-bridge between north and south American, known as the ________________, stabilized about 3 million years ago

A

Isthmus of Panama

46
Q

Isthmus of Panama ___________ areas that had been _________________________________

A
  • reconnected
  • largely isolated for tens of millions of years
47
Q

Allowed _____________________ and exchange of organisms that had _______________________________ – “great American interchange”

A
  • large scale movement
  • evolved in isolation from each other
48
Q

The exchange was ________: more north American lineages successfully spread south than vice versa

A

uneven

49
Q

Many distinct _______________________________, including many marsupial lineage

A

South American lineages went extinct

50
Q

Cats (felids) are a __________________________ that persisted in the north and ____________________________________

A
  • North American lineage
  • invaded South America and diversified
51
Q

50-35 mya, large parts of _________________ were covered in tropical forests and _____________ had rich temperate forests

A
  • North America
  • Antarctica
52
Q

With climate shift, ________________________, creating distinct temperate and tropical biotas

A

cold intolerant taxa retreated to the south

53
Q

Historical stratification (distinct zones) of climate are matched by what?

A

stratification of biodiversity

54
Q

About 2mya, gradual cooling of the earth drove large climate oscillations – the __________

A

ice age

55
Q

Expansion of range ice retreat, but different tree groups ____________________ to the retreat of the ice, resulting in _____________________________________

A
  • responded differently
  • distinctly different present-day distributions

General Ecology (23 decks)

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