Lecture 12: Communities: Species interactions Flashcards

1
Q

define community

A

All populations of species living together in a particular area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

All organisms that do not photosynthesize ________, and all organisms are at risk of being eaten.

A

must eat other organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

predator-prey interactions

A

Resource species killed by interaction and consumption is from the outside in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

parasitoid-host interaction

A

resource species killed by interaction and consumption is from the inside out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

herbivore-plant interaction

A

Resource species is an “autotroph” and is partially consumed but usually survives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

parasite-host interaction

A

Resource species is an animal and is partially consumed by another animal but usually survives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pathogen-host

A

resource species is partially consumed by a microbe that causes disease in the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how are species interactions dynamic

A
  • Any particular interaction may shift category in the lifetime of individuals via development or over evolutionary time
  • Duration of any given interaction can vary greatly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

species interaction - what is in a feedback loop

A
  • outcome of community interactions
  • evolution of the characteristics of interacting species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

explain the feedback loop of species interactions

A
  • Community interactions are not static over time.
  • Traits of species are evolving in direct response to community context
  • community interactions can exert strong selection
  • Adaptation can then shift the context and balance of community interactions, altering the outcome
  • Adaptation can reinforce or destabilize interactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do abiotic factors favor

A

static or convergent adaptations for “fitting in” with the environment - typically forms of environmental tolerance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what do biotic factors favor

A

diverse adaptations for “escaping” interactions with other species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what species interactions select for mutual adaptations in the participating species.

A

All species interactions except commensalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

define coevolution

A
  • The reciprocal evolution in two or more interacting species with adaptations selected by their interaction
  • an extremely widespread process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what represents antagonistic coevolution

A

evolutionarily coupled consumer-resource interactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define evolutionary arms race

A

iterative escalation of resource and
consumer adaptations to each other.

17
Q

is evolutionary arms race a runaway process

A
  • no, they frequently achieve an evolutionary stable state
  • ultimately, adaptations in both species will be constrained
18
Q

define crypsis

A

The evolution of a camouflaged appearance in resting position

19
Q

how can behaviors enhance crypsis

A

by copying the shape and the movement of the surface against which the organism is camouflaged

20
Q

crypsis as a adaptive solution for prey

A

can be used by palatable prey to escape detection by predators

21
Q

crypsis as a adaptive solution for predators

A

can be used by predators to escape detection as they hunt palatable prey

22
Q

define warning coloration

A
  • an adaptive solution in unpalatable species
  • aposematism
23
Q

define aposematism

A
  • an adaptation to advertise chemical defense
  • not all chemically defended organisms have also evolved warning coloration
24
Q

what can a similar warning coloration do

A

evolve across a broad range of species, partly because they more quickly exploit existing aversions in predators

25
Q

players of mimicry - mimic

A

The species who’s appearance and behavior are being shaped by natural selection

26
Q

players of mimicry - model

A

the species that is being copied

27
Q

players of mimicry - dupe

A

the one being fooled

28
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

the evolution of a resemblance between a palatable mimic species and an unpalatable model species

29
Q

Müllerian mimicry

A

the convergent evolution of unpalatable species to resemble each other - each species is both mimic and model

30
Q

mimicry - who are the dupes

A

Consumers are the dupes and agents of selection (when not duped) in both Batesian and Müllerian mimicry

31
Q

how is mimicry similar to crypsis

A

Mimicry exploits sensory limitations of the consumer

32
Q

how is mimicry different from crypsis

A

mimics are copying another organism that the consumer would normally avoid

33
Q

plant defenses

A
  • low nutritional content causes herbivores to lose interest
  • chemical defenses: “secondary compounds” that impact herbivore nutrition and health
  • physical defenses
34
Q

define constitutive defenses

A

defense is present at all times, and include chemical defenses and physical defenses

35
Q

define induced defenses

A

defense is produced/activated by herbivore damage

36
Q

What do humans use plant chemical defenses for?

A

Medicine, stimulants, manufactured products, seasonings for food