Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

B&B Week 6 Flashcards > Lecture 21: Attachment and Human Development > Flashcards

Lecture 21: Attachment and Human Development Flashcards

1
Q

Why is social attachment important?

A

Social attachment is critical to survival and a precursor to normal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are social attachments?

A

Social attachments develop from the activation of BIOLOGICALLY BASED motivational systems

- attachments are strong enduring and specific - based upon diverse interrelated biological processes
- bonding involves a set of behaviors promoting the development and maintenance of closeness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are types of social attachment?

A
  1. infant attachment
  2. parental behavior (mom and dad)
  3. pair bond formatioin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is attachment behavior?

A

Behavior that promotes proximity to or contact with the person(s) to whom an individual is attached
-attachment is discriminating, specific, reciprocal linked to strong affects and to distress when separation occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are examples of attachment behavior?

A

Infant parent: clinging, cooing, suckling
Mother-infant: nursing, retrieval, nest building
Father-infant: defense, retrieval, grooming
Pair bonding: shared territory, cohabitation, partner preference, mate guarding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What mediates infant attachment to mom in rodents?

A

Use of olfactory and somatosensory systems
Olfactory = norepinephrine
-enhanced by isoproterenol and inhibited by propranolol
-circuit = olfactory bulbs  locus coeruleus  amygdala
-dopamine and oxytocin also involved
Somatosensory = allows pup to suckle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What mediates mother attachment to infant in rodent model?

A

Mother rodent recognizes infant through OLFACTION
Behavior is mediated via oxytocin and estrogen
Dopamine also mediates maternal behavior because dopamine blockade disrupts maternal behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What happens when you give female rodent oxytocin?

A

Primes the female rodent for attachment

Blocking oxytocin eliminates maternal behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the prairie vole vs. montaine vole model tell us about oxytocin?

A

Prairie voles = monogamy = Midwest
Cause: high density of oxytocin receptors in prelimbic cortex and nucleus accumbens
Montaine vole = promiscuous = inner city folk lol
Cause: high density ONLY in lateral septum
If oxytocin is blocked in prairie voles, they turned into montaine voles (became promiscuous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the only two areas of the brain that made a difference in attachment behavior in voles?

A

Nucleus Accumbens
Prelimbic Cortex
Infusions of oxytocin receptor antagonists (OTA) did NOT have an effect if infused in CSF or Caudate Putamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the significance of Dr. Harlow’s Monkey Experiments?

A

Shows that monkey will jump to surrogate mother (with cloth) in a fearful situation

  • even if raised by wire mother, will jump to cloth mother to get contact love
  • if cloth mother is there, infant monkey gets the gumption to go out and explore
  • not mother and the monkey shuts down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the basis of attachment to mother?

A

Baby wants the COMFORT and the SOFTNESS of mother

Shown when wired mother had milk, and the monkey would hold on to the cloth mother while drinking milk from wire mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is normal for a monkey?

A

Exploratory behavior

-will not exhibit this behavior if there is no comfort from mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to the social development of monkeys who are deprived of maternal attachment?

A

When put amongst their peers, have harder time making friends and social bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the necessary conditions for development of attachment?

A
  1. Sufficient interaction with caretaker
  2. Discriminative abilities of infant
  3. Imitative capacities of infant (“mirror neurons”)
  4. Ability of infant conceive of a person as having a permanent and independent existence even when not present (object permanence)
    • to see someone else as person that one can count on
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the phases of attachment formation?

A

Phase I: indiscriminate sociability (birth to 2months)
Phase II: attachments in the making (2-7 months
Phase III: clear cut attachments (7-24 months)
Phase IV: goal-coordinated partnerships (past 24m)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Phase I of attachment formation?

A

Indiscriminate Sociability
Caregiver maintains proximity to protect infant
Infant behaves in same way towards ANYONE who interacts in caring fashion
Birth – 2months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the Phase I attachment behaviors?

A

Babies will smile, cry and vocalize in order to get attention
-also listens for approach of care giver
Non-nutritional sucking (sucking promotes brain development?)
-clinging
-visual fixation
-non-nutritional sucking

19
Q

What is the importance of non-nutritional sucking?

A

Sucking (like sucking thumb) promotes brain development

20
Q

What is Phase II of attachment formation?

A

Attachments in the making
Begins the DIFFERENTIATE caregiver from strangers
Elaboration of simple behavior systems into complex ones
Infant assumes more CONTROL of interactions
-grasping at caregiver
2-7 months

21
Q

What are Phase II attachment behaviors?

A
  • differential smiling
  • Crying when caregiver leaves
  • vocalizations (greetings such as mama)
  • climbing and exploring
  • visual motor orientation to presence of significant others
22
Q

What are the milestones of Phase II?

A

Initiation of interaction by infant

Infant is able to maintain contact and interaction via complex, chain linked behaviors

23
Q

What is phase III of attachment formation?

A

Clear Cut Attachments
Infant consolidates attachment to primary caregiver by developing internal image of him/her
Control over attachment behavior that is goal-corrected
7-24 months

24
Q

What are Phase III attachment behaviors?

A

Use of primary caregiver as a “secure base” for exploration (like Harlow’s monkeys)
Flight to primary caregiver as haven of safety
Differential approach to primary caregiver

25
Q

What is phase IV of attachment formation?

A

After 24m
Goal-coordinated partnerships
Young preschooler can alter his/her attachment behavior in tune with caregivers
Calming preschoolers by saying “mommy will be back later”

26
Q

What is the still face experiment? Significance?

A

Mom becomes stone faced for 3 minutes
Baby uses all of her faculties to attract attention of mom
-baby is stressed the fuck out when mom is not responding to her
Experiment is used to investigate cross cultural differences, deaf infants, infants with down syndrome, etc.

27
Q

What happens when parents are alcoholics or suffer postpartum depression?

A

Parents replicate the “still face mom” phenomena

Baby will be traumatized and stressed the fuck out

28
Q

What is stranger anxiety? When does it occur?

A

Infant reacts with distress in presence of a stranger
6-8 months
So you have to approach a 6 month old gradually

29
Q

What is separation anxiety? When does it occur?

A

Child is placed in a strange environment without his primary caretaker and child cannot make a relevant response to bring him/her closer to caretaker
10-18 months

30
Q

What are requirements for strong and healthy attachments?

A
  1. appropriate intensity of interaction between child and parent
  2. regularity and readiness of parental response
  3. limited number of caretakers
  4. strength of child’s needs and signals
31
Q

What is attunement?

A

Reading and responding to cues of others

  • people who are “attuned” to your needs
  • leads to empathy in the person who was attuned to in infants
32
Q

What is intentional attunement?

A

A phenomenal state which generates a familiarity with others’ intentions through internalized sensations
-put aside distractions and interaction between parents and kid

33
Q

What is empathy?

A

Capacity to experience what others experience while being able to attribute these shared experiences to others and not to self
Derived from successful social attachment

34
Q

What happens to a depressed mother’s ability to respond to an infants cry?

A

Apparently, they are not able to differentiate crying sounds of own baby

35
Q

What are the phases of response to separation (per Bowlby)?

A
  1. Protest (child cries and calls out)
  2. Despair (child seems to lose hope and becomes passive)
  3. Detachment (child is indifferent to parents absence)
36
Q

What are the outcomes of separation?

A
  1. depression
  2. reorganization (new attachments form to other caretakers)
  3. emotional blunting
37
Q

What are consequences of faulty attachment?

A
  1. Failure to thrive syndromes
  2. Anaclitic depression
  3. Separation anxiety disorder
  4. PTSD
  5. Personality disorders
38
Q

What is anaclitic depression?

A

Impairment of an infant’s physical, social and intellectual development resulting from absence of mothering
Absence of clit bearing mother lol

39
Q

What is a healthy attachment cycle?

A

Baby has need  baby cries  needs met by caregiver  trust develops

40
Q

Disturbed attachment cycle?

A

Baby has need  baby cries  needs NOT met by caregiver  Rage develops instead of trust

41
Q

What are the risk factors for attachment disorders?

A 
Maternal ambivalence towards pregnancy
Separation from primary caretaker
Abuse
Neglect
Maternal depression
Rape baby
42
Q

What is reactive attachment disorder (RAD)?

A

Clinical syndrome manifested by
-difficulty in forming long-lasting, intimate relationships
-characteristic absence of the ability to be genuinely affectionate towards others
Caused by pathogenic care (orphanages in Romania)
Two subtypes (inhibited vs. disinhibited)
Liable to exploited by others

43
Q

What are the two subtypes Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)?

A

Inhibited: child appears fearful and restricted in his interest in caregivers
Disinhibited: indiscriminate in his interest in caregivers, displays shallow relationships

44
Q

What are symptoms of RAD?

A

Cruel to animals, siblings
No Empathy (because no social attachments)
Poor impulse control
Fighting for shit
Not a bad child…early experiences of child led themto be this way
Associated with any mental disorders

B&B Week 6 Flashcards (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions