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Virology > lecture 21 > Flashcards

lecture 21 Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the intrinsic cellular defenses against virus infections?

They are specific for a certain type of virus.

They involve pathogen detection receptors.

They can act locally at the site of the infection.

They involve the release of cytokines and interferon.

They act rapidly after infection with the virus.

A

They are specific for a certain type of virus.

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2
Q

Which of the following is found on the surface of the host cell or on endosomal membranes and can recognize viral nucleic acids?

Jak-Stat receptor

Toll-like receptor

RNA-induced silencing complex

2’-5’-oligo(A) synthetase

Interferon receptor

A

Toll-like receptor

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3
Q

Which of the following is NOT a type of antiviral cytokine?

Interferon a (alpha)

Tumor necrosis factor a (alpha)

Interferon d (delta)

Interleukin-6

NF-kB

A

NF-kB

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4
Q

When interferon a binds to its receptor it stimulates an intracellular signaling pathway. Which of the following proteins is part of this signaling pathway?

Death inducing signaling complex

Jak and Stat proteins

IRF-3 and IRF-7 proteins

NF-kB and HMG1 proteins

Caspase proteins

A

Jak and Stat proteins

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5
Q

Which of the following molecules is the activator for ribonuclease L, which is part of the interferon induced antiviral pathway?

dsRNA

DNA with unmethylated CpG

2’ 5’-oligo(A)

ssRNA

GTP

A

2’ 5’-oligo(A)

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6
Q

Which of the following is the best-known substrate of the interferon induced PKR?

Large ribosomal subunit

IRF-3

Ribonuclease L

Jak kinase

Translation factor eIF2a

A

Translation factor eIF2a

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7
Q

Dicer cleaves double-stranded viral RNA into which of the following?

micro interfering RNAs

RNA induced silencing complex

VA RNAs

small regulatory RNAs

small interfering RNAs

A

small interfering RNAs

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8
Q

Besides their subcellular locations, which of the following distinguishes TLR-2 from TLR-3?

Only TLR-2 can recognize CpG motifs on viral DNA.

Only TLR-2 can recognize viral glycoproteins.

Only TLR-2 can recognize viral capsid proteins.

Only TLR-2 can recognize viral dsRNA.

Only TLR-2 can recognize viral ssRNA.

A

Only TLR-2 can recognize viral glycoproteins.

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9
Q

Interferon a is a protein that….

binds to the surface of a virion and prevents it from attaching to the host cell.

degrades viral and cellular mRNAs after it has been activated by dsRNA.

binds to a cell surface receptor and induces the expression of new cellular genes

phosphorylates proteins, like eIF2a, and inhibits translation of mRNAs.

binds to a viral peptide and presents it to the cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

A

binds to a cell surface receptor and induces the expression of new cellular genes

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10
Q

Pasteur developed a vaccine to rabies by injecting which of the following into patients?

Brain from a rabid human.

Purified antibodies against rabies virus.

Purified rabies virus.

Muscle from a rabid dog.

Spinal cord from a rabid rabbit.

A

Spinal cord from a rabid rabbit.

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11
Q

Which of the following was a major development in 1931 that helped in the production of antiviral vaccines?

The ability to grow viruses in chicken eggs.

The invention of the electron microscope.

The development of the agar based culture system.

The invention of the Petri dish.

The development of primary cell culture systems.

A

The ability to grow viruses in chicken eggs.

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12
Q

Which of the following is an example of a vaccine that is composed of a live wild-type virus?

Influenza virus vaccine

Chickenpox virus vaccine

Vaccinia virus

Measles virus vaccine

Polio virus vaccine

A

Vaccinia virus

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13
Q

Recombinant vaccines could consist of which of the following?

Recombinant vaccinia virus that can express a viral structural protein.

A single viral structural protein that forms virus-like particles.

A recombinant adenovirus that contains a gene for a virus protein.

Naked DNA that expresses a viral protein.

All of the above are correct.

A

All of the above are correct.

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14
Q

One advantage of a live virus vaccine, attenuated or wild-type, is that ….

it can be amplified due to viral replication in the patient.

it only infects the person to whom it was administered.

there is no possibility of it reverting to a pathogenic virus.

All of the above are advantages.

it is easy to produce and store.

A

it can be amplified due to viral replication in the patient.

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15
Q

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a killed virus vaccine?

They are incapable of causing disease.

Any contaminating viruses will be killed too.

They provide the best immune response.

They are safer to use in immunocompromised individuals.

They are less sensitive to storage conditions.

A

They provide the best immune response.

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16
Q

Why must adjuvants be used when administering a killed or recombinant virus vaccine?

These vaccines must be given in several doses.

These vaccines are not as safe as live attenuated vaccines.

These vaccines must be given as injections.

These vaccines are less stable than live attenuated vaccines.

These vaccines are less efficient at stimulating the immune system.

A

These vaccines are less efficient at stimulating the immune system.

17
Q

For which of the following viruses would a vaccine that stimulates the cellular immune system be most useful?

Hepatitis B virus

Hepatitis C virus

All of the above.

HIV

Herpesviruses

A

All of the above.

18
Q

The current vaccines that are marketed for human papillomavirus and hepatitis B are examples of what type of vaccine?

Subunit vaccine

Chimeric virus

Multivalent peptide vaccine

Live attenuated vaccine

Whole inactivated vaccine

A

Subunit vaccine

19
Q

Which of the following is the primary reason that live attenuated vaccines are so difficult to develop?

It is difficult to maintain the stability of attenuated viruses.

The mutations that determine attenuation can not be predicted.

Viruses do not mutate very quickly.

Not all pathogenic viruses can be grown in culture.

Viruses replicate very quickly.

A

The mutations that determine attenuation can not be predicted.

20
Q

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using aluminum salts as an adjuvant for vaccines?

They do not stimulate Th2 cells which are involved in the humoral immune response.

They do not stimulate the cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

They do not stimulate Th1 cells which are involved in the cellular immune response.

They do not interact with the viral antigens properly.

They do not enhance the release of interferons.

A

They do not stimulate Th1 cells which are involved in the cellular immune response.

Virology (15 decks)

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