Lecture 21 Flashcards
Lab Animal
What is the Laboratory Animal Vet life?
5pt
- Clinical vets, University vets, specialized vets (post-approval, surgical)
- 25-75% administrative duties
- 50-75% clinical duties
- Variety of species depending on the institution (heavily rodents, zebrafish, birds, pigs)
- USask animal use: mice, rats, fish, pigs, chickens, cattle, dogs, Bison, cats, ferrets, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, wild birds
What are the Roles of USask LAM Vets?
4pt
- Related to the species used here
- University Vet - mostly administrative (AUP, facility inspections, management, renovations, programmatic items)
- Clinical Vet – clinical medicine, animal assessments, surgery, anesthesia, training, AUP review
- Post-Approval Vet – post-approval activities (visit labs, training, competency assessments)
What are the Training Opportunities in Lab Animal Medicine?
3pt
At USask:
* WCVM Lab animal club (Katie Timms current President)
* 4th year rotation
Elsewhere:
* Lab animal residency - Mostly in USA
What are the organizations for lab animal regulations?
7pt
- Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)
- American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC)
- Canadian Association for Laboratory Animal Science (CALAS) (student membership)
- Canadian Association for Laboratory Animal Medicine (CALAM) (student membership)
- American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS)
- American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners (ASLAP)
- American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM)
How do you learn this field and species
2pt
(lab animal)
- Extrapolate veterinary medicine to unfamiliar species
- On the job training
What are the Career Opportunities in lab animal medicine?
5pt
- Academia –Universities, Colleges
- Government –CFIA, PHAC, Health Canada, Environment Canada, DND, USDA, DoD, NIH
- Private biomedical companies
- CRO –contract research organization
- Private research-related organizations (3Rs, AALAS, educational research entity)
Why is there such a big difference in total lab animal use between canada and the USA?
1pt
The difference in the numbers is because the USA did not count rats and mice in their total.
Canada: 3,692,479 total animals
USA: 797,546 total animals
What was the most used animal at Usask?
- Chickens: 21,701 (23%)
- Mice: 18,913 (20%)
- Fish: 12,447 (13%)
- Cattle: 10,183 (10%)
- Turkeys: 6990 (7.5%)
- Zebrafish: 7106 (7.5%)
- Pigs: 3398 (3.6%)
- Rats: 1416 (1.5%)
- Dogs: 331 (0.35%)
What types of research do you do with mice?
4pt
- pharmacology
- infectious disease
- human disease (cancer, diabetes, obesity)
- vaccines
What types of research do you do with Rats?
5pt
- pharmacology
- neural
- wound healing
- cardiovascular
- behavioural
What types of research do you do with Pigs?
8pt
- cardiovascular
- transplant
- wound healing
- skin
- surgical training
- swine production
- toxicology
- pharmacology
What types of research do you do with Rabbits?
3pt
- skeletal
- antibody production
- cardiovascular
What types of research do you do with Zebrafish?
3pt
- embryology
- genetic disease
- toxicology
What types of research do you do with Chickens?
2pt
- chicken and avian diseases
- chicken production
What types of research do you do with Cattle/Sheep?
3pt
- disease
- production
- orthopedics (sheep)
What types of research do you do with Wildlife?
3pt
- ecology
- population dynamics
- toxicology
What are specific pathogen free animals? give examples.
2pt, 4pt
- Animals bred to eliminate certain pathogens, reduces disease outbreaks, reduces zoonoses, increases research reliability and replicability
- Bred via C-section, dam-fostering
Examples
* fish: egg wash (bleach/iodine)
* Mice/rats – long list of wild rodent pathogens (hantavirus, helicobacter, sendai, mouse norovirus, etc)
* Rabbits – Pasteurella
* Zebrafish – mycobacteria, spring viremia of carp virus, ichthyophthirius (Ich)
What is acclimation and why is it important?
4pt
- After animal arrival from supplier; time period to adjust to new environment
- Stress hormones (cortisol, etc) dramatically rise during transport can affect many physiological systems
- Typically 1 week acclimation to allow cortisol to return to normal
- Expose to routine handling and common procedures to familiarize the animals - Predictability reduces stress response and reduces pain perception, Classical and operant conditioning
What is positive reinforcement training(PRT) ? give examples.
1pt, 6pt
Reduces stress on the animal for procedures
- Operant Conditioning
- Dog clicker training
- Train dogs to sit for blood collection
- Mice tunnel handling
- Rats clicker trained
- NHP trained to present limbs for blood collection
What is environmental enrichment? give examples
1pt, 6pt
Modifications or additions that enhance the physical, mental, social stimulation
Examples
* climbing structures
* con-specifics
* food treats
* chew materials
* manipulaunda
* foraging/rooting opportunities
Explain laboratory animal allergies.
6pt
- Allergic symptoms in workers exposed to allergenic proteins from lab animals
- Urine, dander, saliva, bedding, feed, mold, insects
- Sneezing, rhinitis, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, itching, dermatitis
- As high as 33% of workers
- If allergic to one allergen often later develop additional species LAA
- Especially to rodents and rabbits
What is zoonoses in lab animals?
2pt
- Few zoonoses from SPF rodents and rabbits besides LAA and fecal bacterial exposure
- Fish: mycobacterial exposure - Especially if open sores/cuts on hands
What type of PPE is used with lab animals?
5pt
Depends on facility
* Minimum – lab coat, gloves, pants, closed-toe shoes
* +/-mask, cap, gown
* CL2 –mask, cap, gown
* CL3 –PAPR, double gloves
* CL4 - SCBA
What types of housing do lab rats/mice get?
9pt
- Ventilated caging vs. static caging
- Barrier facilities to prevent wild rodent disease transmission
- Often restrictions on home rodent ownership
- Controlled temperature, humidity, lighting
- Controlled access to animal facilities
- Clothing/PPE requirements
- Bedding
- Nesting material
- Environmental Enrichment
What are the Most common mouse strains used?
3pt
- C57Bl/6
- Balb/c
- Nude (look at tumors)
What are the Mouse handling/restraints used?
3pt
- Scruff, 2 finger and 3 finger techniques
- Use of tunnel/pvc pipe to transfer to cage or other box
- Can hold tail to prevent running away but do not lift or hold by the tail
What kind of injections do we use on mice?
6pt
- Subcutaneous - most common (anywhere in the scruff)
- Intramuscular - rare (hind leg)
- Intraperitoneal - common (lower abdomen)
- Intravenous - common (tail vein)
- Intravenous - retro-orbital plexus – rare (needs scientific justification)
- Oral gavage (stomach tube)
How do we collect blood in mice?
5pt
- Small circulating volume between 1-1.5ml
- Typically collect 10-100ul per collection (0.01-0.1ml)
- Repeated collections need rest period to allow blood production and prevent anemia
Sites:
* tail vein, tail artery, saphenous vein, facial vein, jugular, cardiac (terminal only while under anesthesia)
* Retro-orbital plexus (rarely collected here and needs scientific justification)
What is mouse anesthesia?
4pt
- Isoflurane induction box and mask maintenance
- Injectable, IP or IV with top up as needed
- Reasons for anesthesia: surgery, imaging, blood collection, inoculation
- Monitoring: visual respiration, pulse oximeter, reflexes
How do you examine a mouse?
2pt
Distance exam
* Animal condition, movement, nesting, housing, social interactions, fur, eyes, grimace score, feces, urine
Physical exam
* Abdominal palpation, oral cavity, eyes, anus, prepuce, vulva, skin
What common conditions do mice have?
7pt
- Barbering
- C57Bl/6 ulcerative dermatitis
- Tail injury
- Fight wounds
- Congenital conditions (hydrocephalus, teeth malocclusion, runting, microphthlamia)
- Importance of body condition scoring
- Stereotypies - Barbering, Chewers, Backflips, Circling
What are the common methods fro euthanizing a mouse?
7pt
- Isoflurane
- Cervical dislocation
- Decapitation
- CO2
- Exsanguination
- Anesthetic overdose
- Pentobarbital IV or IP (buffered vs lidocaine)
What are rat lab animals like?
1pt
Similar to mice
What are the Most common research strains of rats?
3pt
- Sprague Dawley
- Wistar
- Long Evans
How do you handling/restraint a rat?
6pt
- Scruff rarely used
- Prefer full body hold, circle grip or V hold
- Towel wrap for aggressive or squirmy rats
- Can be acclimated to human interaction and touch very easily - tickling
- Can use of tunnel/pvc pipe to transfer to cage or other box
- Can hold tail to prevent running away but NEVER lift or hold by the tail can cause tail sloughing
What type of Injections for Rats are used?
6pt
- Subcutaneous - most common (anywhere in the scruff or loose skin on back/sides)
- Intramuscular - rare (hind leg)
- Intraperitoneal - common (lower abdomen)
- Intravenous - common (tail vein)
- Intravenous - retro-orbital plexus – rare (needs scientific justification)
- Oral gavage (stomach tube)
How do you collect blood in a rat?
5pt
- Small circulating blood volume between 7-10ml
- Typically collect 0.5-1ml per collection
- Repeated collections may need rest period to allow blood production and prevent anemia
Sites:
* tail vein, tail artery, jugular, saphenous vein, indwelling jugular catheter, cardiac (terminal only while under anesthesia)
* Retro-orbital plexus (rarely collected here and needs scientific justification)
What is rat anestesia like?
4pt
- Isoflurane induction box and mask maintenance
- Injectable, IP or IV with top up as needed
- Reasons for anesthesia: surgery, imaging, blood collection, inoculation
- Monitoring: visual respiration, pulse oximeter, dopler, reflexes
How do you examine a rat?
3pt
Distance exam
* Animal condition, movement, housing, social interactions, fur, eyes, grimace score, feces, urine, porphyrin staining
Physical exam
* Abdominal palpation, oral cavity, eyes, anus, prepuce, vulva, skin, tail
Grimace scoring
What are common conditions found in rats?
7pt
- Bumblefoot
- Obesity
- Ringtail
- Porphyrin staining
- Mammary tumour
- Importance of body condition scoring
- No mycoplasma due to SPF status
What are rabbit lab animal like?
3pt
Housing and husbandry
* Floor housed or cage housed
* Individual vs social housing
Environmental enrichment
Most common research breed New Zealand White
How do you restrain a rabbit?
4pt
- Arm holds
- Towels
- Bags
- Covering eyes
What injections are used on rabbits?
4pt
- Subcutaneous - common (scruff or back)
- Intramuscular - rare (hind leg)
- Intravenous - common (marginal ear vein, cephalic vein)
- Intraperitoneal - rarely performed (lower abdomen)
How do you collect blood from a rabbit?
2pt
- Blood collection sites: marginal ear vein, ear artery, saphenous vein, cardiac (terminal only)
- Often collect 1-5ml per collection
how do you use anesthesia on a rabbit?
4pt
- Injectable and Inhalant
- Isoflurane and sevoflurane common +/- sedative given prior
- Full total injectable anesthesia rare, if so TIVA CRI via ear vein catheter
- Monitoring: visual respiration, pulse oximeter, CO2, ECG, doppler, stethoscope, reflexes
How do you examine a rabbit?
3pt
Distance exam
* Animal condition, movement, social interaction, fur, eyes, grimace score, feces, urine production
Physical exam
* Abdominal palpation, palpate jaw/legs/back oral cavity and teeth, eyes, ears, feet, anus, prepuce, vulva, skin, lung/heart auscultation, cecal auscultation
Grimace scoring
What are common conditions in rabbits?
6pt
- Research NZW SPF no Pasteurella, very few infectious disease related conditions
- Foot lesions – historical when wire-bottomed cages used
- Fight wounds
- Overgrown incisor and molars
- Broken back (not really common but discussed a lot)
- Anorexia - Especially after transport (arrival), post-surgical
What are zebrafish lab animals like?
6pt
- Most common fish in research
- Housing and husbandry, treated water tanks, flow through or recirculating
- Need to remove chloride, chloramines from tap water
- Can use reverse osmosis water or treated tap water
- Housing in tanks on racks, circulating vs flow through water
- Environmental enrichment
What things can you do on a zebrafish?
5pt
- Distance exam: Animal condition, movement, social interaction, scales, where in water column, breathing, body condition, skeletal condition
- Injections: intraperitoneal, exposure in tank water
- Blood collection: anesthetize, cardiac (terminal), caudal vein (midline just anterior to anus)
- Anesthesia: MS-222, metomidate immersion in water
- Monitoring: visual, short-term out of water vs longer term bubbling water and anesthetic over gills
What are common conditions found in zebrafish?
4pt
- Popeye
- Mycobacteriosis
- General ill-health
- Most often water quality related
