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(VET) VLAC 215 Animal Welfare > Lecture 21 > Flashcards

Lecture 21 Flashcards

Lab Animal

1
Q

What is the Laboratory Animal Vet life?

5pt

A
  • Clinical vets, University vets, specialized vets (post-approval, surgical)
  • 25-75% administrative duties
  • 50-75% clinical duties
  • Variety of species depending on the institution (heavily rodents, zebrafish, birds, pigs)
  • USask animal use: mice, rats, fish, pigs, chickens, cattle, dogs, Bison, cats, ferrets, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, wild birds
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2
Q

What are the Roles of USask LAM Vets?

4pt

A
  • Related to the species used here
  • University Vet - mostly administrative (AUP, facility inspections, management, renovations, programmatic items)
  • Clinical Vet – clinical medicine, animal assessments, surgery, anesthesia, training, AUP review
  • Post-Approval Vet – post-approval activities (visit labs, training, competency assessments)
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3
Q

What are the Training Opportunities in Lab Animal Medicine?

3pt

A

At USask:
* WCVM Lab animal club (Katie Timms current President)
* 4th year rotation

Elsewhere:
* Lab animal residency - Mostly in USA

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4
Q

What are the organizations for lab animal regulations?

7pt

A
  • Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC)
  • American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC)
  • Canadian Association for Laboratory Animal Science (CALAS) (student membership)
  • Canadian Association for Laboratory Animal Medicine (CALAM) (student membership)
  • American Association for Laboratory Animal Science (AALAS)
  • American Society of Laboratory Animal Practitioners (ASLAP)
  • American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine (ACLAM)
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5
Q

How do you learn this field and species

2pt

(lab animal)

A
  • Extrapolate veterinary medicine to unfamiliar species
  • On the job training
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6
Q

What are the Career Opportunities in lab animal medicine?

5pt

A
  • Academia –Universities, Colleges
  • Government –CFIA, PHAC, Health Canada, Environment Canada, DND, USDA, DoD, NIH
  • Private biomedical companies
  • CRO –contract research organization
  • Private research-related organizations (3Rs, AALAS, educational research entity)
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7
Q

Why is there such a big difference in total lab animal use between canada and the USA?

1pt

A

The difference in the numbers is because the USA did not count rats and mice in their total.

Canada: 3,692,479 total animals
USA: 797,546 total animals

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8
Q

What was the most used animal at Usask?

A
  • Chickens: 21,701 (23%)
  • Mice: 18,913 (20%)
  • Fish: 12,447 (13%)
  • Cattle: 10,183 (10%)
  • Turkeys: 6990 (7.5%)
  • Zebrafish: 7106 (7.5%)
  • Pigs: 3398 (3.6%)
  • Rats: 1416 (1.5%)
  • Dogs: 331 (0.35%)
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9
Q

What types of research do you do with mice?

4pt

A
  • pharmacology
  • infectious disease
  • human disease (cancer, diabetes, obesity)
  • vaccines
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10
Q

What types of research do you do with Rats?

5pt

A
  • pharmacology
  • neural
  • wound healing
  • cardiovascular
  • behavioural
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11
Q

What types of research do you do with Pigs?

8pt

A
  • cardiovascular
  • transplant
  • wound healing
  • skin
  • surgical training
  • swine production
  • toxicology
  • pharmacology
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12
Q

What types of research do you do with Rabbits?

3pt

A
  • skeletal
  • antibody production
  • cardiovascular
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13
Q

What types of research do you do with Zebrafish?

3pt

A
  • embryology
  • genetic disease
  • toxicology
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14
Q

What types of research do you do with Chickens?

2pt

A
  • chicken and avian diseases
  • chicken production
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15
Q

What types of research do you do with Cattle/Sheep?

3pt

A
  • disease
  • production
  • orthopedics (sheep)
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16
Q

What types of research do you do with Wildlife?

3pt

A
  • ecology
  • population dynamics
  • toxicology
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17
Q

What are specific pathogen free animals? give examples.

2pt, 4pt

A
  • Animals bred to eliminate certain pathogens, reduces disease outbreaks, reduces zoonoses, increases research reliability and replicability
  • Bred via C-section, dam-fostering

Examples
* fish: egg wash (bleach/iodine)
* Mice/rats – long list of wild rodent pathogens (hantavirus, helicobacter, sendai, mouse norovirus, etc)
* Rabbits – Pasteurella
* Zebrafish – mycobacteria, spring viremia of carp virus, ichthyophthirius (Ich)

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18
Q

What is acclimation and why is it important?

4pt

A
  • After animal arrival from supplier; time period to adjust to new environment
  • Stress hormones (cortisol, etc) dramatically rise during transport can affect many physiological systems
  • Typically 1 week acclimation to allow cortisol to return to normal
  • Expose to routine handling and common procedures to familiarize the animals - Predictability reduces stress response and reduces pain perception, Classical and operant conditioning
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19
Q

What is positive reinforcement training(PRT) ? give examples.

1pt, 6pt

A

Reduces stress on the animal for procedures

  • Operant Conditioning
  • Dog clicker training
  • Train dogs to sit for blood collection
  • Mice tunnel handling
  • Rats clicker trained
  • NHP trained to present limbs for blood collection
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20
Q

What is environmental enrichment? give examples

1pt, 6pt

A

Modifications or additions that enhance the physical, mental, social stimulation

Examples
* climbing structures
* con-specifics
* food treats
* chew materials
* manipulaunda
* foraging/rooting opportunities

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21
Q

Explain laboratory animal allergies.

6pt

A
  • Allergic symptoms in workers exposed to allergenic proteins from lab animals
  • Urine, dander, saliva, bedding, feed, mold, insects
  • Sneezing, rhinitis, nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, itching, dermatitis
  • As high as 33% of workers
  • If allergic to one allergen often later develop additional species LAA
  • Especially to rodents and rabbits
22
Q

What is zoonoses in lab animals?

2pt

A
  • Few zoonoses from SPF rodents and rabbits besides LAA and fecal bacterial exposure
  • Fish: mycobacterial exposure - Especially if open sores/cuts on hands
23
Q

What type of PPE is used with lab animals?

5pt

A

Depends on facility
* Minimum – lab coat, gloves, pants, closed-toe shoes
* +/-mask, cap, gown
* CL2 –mask, cap, gown
* CL3 –PAPR, double gloves
* CL4 - SCBA

24
Q

What types of housing do lab rats/mice get?

9pt

A
  • Ventilated caging vs. static caging
  • Barrier facilities to prevent wild rodent disease transmission
  • Often restrictions on home rodent ownership
  • Controlled temperature, humidity, lighting
  • Controlled access to animal facilities
  • Clothing/PPE requirements
  • Bedding
  • Nesting material
  • Environmental Enrichment
25
Q

What are the Most common mouse strains used?

3pt

A
  • C57Bl/6
  • Balb/c
  • Nude (look at tumors)
26
Q

What are the Mouse handling/restraints used?

3pt

A
  • Scruff, 2 finger and 3 finger techniques
  • Use of tunnel/pvc pipe to transfer to cage or other box
  • Can hold tail to prevent running away but do not lift or hold by the tail
27
Q

What kind of injections do we use on mice?

6pt

A
  • Subcutaneous - most common (anywhere in the scruff)
  • Intramuscular - rare (hind leg)
  • Intraperitoneal - common (lower abdomen)
  • Intravenous - common (tail vein)
  • Intravenous - retro-orbital plexus – rare (needs scientific justification)
  • Oral gavage (stomach tube)
28
Q

How do we collect blood in mice?

5pt

A
  • Small circulating volume between 1-1.5ml
  • Typically collect 10-100ul per collection (0.01-0.1ml)
  • Repeated collections need rest period to allow blood production and prevent anemia

Sites:
* tail vein, tail artery, saphenous vein, facial vein, jugular, cardiac (terminal only while under anesthesia)
* Retro-orbital plexus (rarely collected here and needs scientific justification)

29
Q

What is mouse anesthesia?

4pt

A
  • Isoflurane induction box and mask maintenance
  • Injectable, IP or IV with top up as needed
  • Reasons for anesthesia: surgery, imaging, blood collection, inoculation
  • Monitoring: visual respiration, pulse oximeter, reflexes
30
Q

How do you examine a mouse?

2pt

A

Distance exam
* Animal condition, movement, nesting, housing, social interactions, fur, eyes, grimace score, feces, urine

Physical exam
* Abdominal palpation, oral cavity, eyes, anus, prepuce, vulva, skin

31
Q

What common conditions do mice have?

7pt

A
  • Barbering
  • C57Bl/6 ulcerative dermatitis
  • Tail injury
  • Fight wounds
  • Congenital conditions (hydrocephalus, teeth malocclusion, runting, microphthlamia)
  • Importance of body condition scoring
  • Stereotypies - Barbering, Chewers, Backflips, Circling
32
Q

What are the common methods fro euthanizing a mouse?

7pt

A
  • Isoflurane
  • Cervical dislocation
  • Decapitation
  • CO2
  • Exsanguination
  • Anesthetic overdose
  • Pentobarbital IV or IP (buffered vs lidocaine)
33
Q

What are rat lab animals like?

1pt

A

Similar to mice

34
Q

What are the Most common research strains of rats?

3pt

A
  • Sprague Dawley
  • Wistar
  • Long Evans
35
Q

How do you handling/restraint a rat?

6pt

A
  • Scruff rarely used
  • Prefer full body hold, circle grip or V hold
  • Towel wrap for aggressive or squirmy rats
  • Can be acclimated to human interaction and touch very easily - tickling
  • Can use of tunnel/pvc pipe to transfer to cage or other box
  • Can hold tail to prevent running away but NEVER lift or hold by the tail can cause tail sloughing
36
Q

What type of Injections for Rats are used?

6pt

A
  • Subcutaneous - most common (anywhere in the scruff or loose skin on back/sides)
  • Intramuscular - rare (hind leg)
  • Intraperitoneal - common (lower abdomen)
  • Intravenous - common (tail vein)
  • Intravenous - retro-orbital plexus – rare (needs scientific justification)
  • Oral gavage (stomach tube)
37
Q

How do you collect blood in a rat?

5pt

A
  • Small circulating blood volume between 7-10ml
  • Typically collect 0.5-1ml per collection
  • Repeated collections may need rest period to allow blood production and prevent anemia

Sites:
* tail vein, tail artery, jugular, saphenous vein, indwelling jugular catheter, cardiac (terminal only while under anesthesia)
* Retro-orbital plexus (rarely collected here and needs scientific justification)

38
Q

What is rat anestesia like?

4pt

A
  • Isoflurane induction box and mask maintenance
  • Injectable, IP or IV with top up as needed
  • Reasons for anesthesia: surgery, imaging, blood collection, inoculation
  • Monitoring: visual respiration, pulse oximeter, dopler, reflexes
39
Q

How do you examine a rat?

3pt

A

Distance exam
* Animal condition, movement, housing, social interactions, fur, eyes, grimace score, feces, urine, porphyrin staining

Physical exam
* Abdominal palpation, oral cavity, eyes, anus, prepuce, vulva, skin, tail

Grimace scoring

40
Q

What are common conditions found in rats?

7pt

A
  • Bumblefoot
  • Obesity
  • Ringtail
  • Porphyrin staining
  • Mammary tumour
  • Importance of body condition scoring
  • No mycoplasma due to SPF status
41
Q

What are rabbit lab animal like?

3pt

A

Housing and husbandry
* Floor housed or cage housed
* Individual vs social housing

Environmental enrichment

Most common research breed New Zealand White

42
Q

How do you restrain a rabbit?

4pt

A
  • Arm holds
  • Towels
  • Bags
  • Covering eyes
43
Q

What injections are used on rabbits?

4pt

A
  • Subcutaneous - common (scruff or back)
  • Intramuscular - rare (hind leg)
  • Intravenous - common (marginal ear vein, cephalic vein)
  • Intraperitoneal - rarely performed (lower abdomen)
44
Q

How do you collect blood from a rabbit?

2pt

A
  • Blood collection sites: marginal ear vein, ear artery, saphenous vein, cardiac (terminal only)
  • Often collect 1-5ml per collection
45
Q

how do you use anesthesia on a rabbit?

4pt

A
  • Injectable and Inhalant
  • Isoflurane and sevoflurane common +/- sedative given prior
  • Full total injectable anesthesia rare, if so TIVA CRI via ear vein catheter
  • Monitoring: visual respiration, pulse oximeter, CO2, ECG, doppler, stethoscope, reflexes
46
Q

How do you examine a rabbit?

3pt

A

Distance exam
* Animal condition, movement, social interaction, fur, eyes, grimace score, feces, urine production

Physical exam
* Abdominal palpation, palpate jaw/legs/back oral cavity and teeth, eyes, ears, feet, anus, prepuce, vulva, skin, lung/heart auscultation, cecal auscultation

Grimace scoring

47
Q

What are common conditions in rabbits?

6pt

A
  • Research NZW SPF no Pasteurella, very few infectious disease related conditions
  • Foot lesions – historical when wire-bottomed cages used
  • Fight wounds
  • Overgrown incisor and molars
  • Broken back (not really common but discussed a lot)
  • Anorexia - Especially after transport (arrival), post-surgical
48
Q

What are zebrafish lab animals like?

6pt

A
  • Most common fish in research
  • Housing and husbandry, treated water tanks, flow through or recirculating
  • Need to remove chloride, chloramines from tap water
  • Can use reverse osmosis water or treated tap water
  • Housing in tanks on racks, circulating vs flow through water
  • Environmental enrichment
49
Q

What things can you do on a zebrafish?

5pt

A
  • Distance exam: Animal condition, movement, social interaction, scales, where in water column, breathing, body condition, skeletal condition
  • Injections: intraperitoneal, exposure in tank water
  • Blood collection: anesthetize, cardiac (terminal), caudal vein (midline just anterior to anus)
  • Anesthesia: MS-222, metomidate immersion in water
  • Monitoring: visual, short-term out of water vs longer term bubbling water and anesthetic over gills
50
Q

What are common conditions found in zebrafish?

4pt

A
  • Popeye
  • Mycobacteriosis
  • General ill-health
  • Most often water quality related

(VET) VLAC 215 Animal Welfare (23 decks)

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