Lecture 1 Flashcards
Animal Welfare 1
1
Q
What was the first legislation towards animal welfare? Who did it and when did it happen?
5pt
A
- Thomas Wentworth act of 1635
- First known legislation against animal cruelty in Europe
- Act against plowing byt the tail and pulling the wool off living sheep
2
Q
What happened in 1754?
(history recap on animal welfare) 2pt
A
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau in discourse on inequality said animals are sentient beings and should not be ill-treated
3
Q
What happened in 1781?
(history recap on animal welfare) 2pt
A
- Jeremy Bentham asked the question “can they suffer?”
4
Q
What and when did the first conviction for animal cruelty happen?
3pt
A
- The trial of Bill Burns
- 1838
- Showing Richard Martin (promoter of the Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act, 1822) with the donkey that was found being beaten by Mr. Burns.
5
Q
What are some fun facts about Richard Martin?
7pt
A
- Nicknamed “Humanity Dick” by George IV
- Founder member of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (afterwards the RSPCA)
- Martin actively sought out cases where cruelty was being inflicted on animals on the streets of London, making him target of jokes and political cartoons
- He fought over a 100 duels with sword and pistol
- He survived two shipwrecks
- Sued her wife and lover for adultery, and won £10,000 that distributed to the poor by throwing it out the windows of his coach
- Rigged an election by having his tenants voted three times for him, wearing various elaborate disguises
6
Q
What was animal production like from the middle ages until c. XVIII
4pt
A
- Grazing animals during summer
- Slaughtered or fed poor diets over winter (foliage and small twigs)
- Low prices of meat compared to cereals
- Animals only needed as alternative to bad crops and to produce fertilizer
7
Q
What were the benefits of non-grazing (intensive) animal production systems (Thaer, early XIX)?
4pt
A
- With the optimization of crop rotation systems, livestock can be provided with feed throughout the year
- Reduce the demand for land
- The manure can be prepared and stored indoor
- Animal health is not negatively affected when the animals have temporarily access to a free-range area
8
Q
What is the Timeline for the emergence of the Five Freedoms?
4pt
A
- 1945- End World War II: Intensification of animal production as a way of providing food security
- 1964- Ruth Harrison publishes Animal Machines, exposing the suffering inflicted in intensive poultry and livestock farming
- 1965- Brambell Committee (UK) concludes that animals should be afforded the Five Freedoms
- 1979- Farm Animal Welfare Council, 1979: Five Freedoms
9
Q
What are the 5 freedoms and what is the weakness of them?
6pt
A
- Freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition:
* By providing readily access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour - Freedom from discomfort and exposure:
* By providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area. - Freedom from pain, injury and disease:
* By prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment. - Freedom from fear and distress:
* By ensuring conditions and treatment which avoid mental suffering. - Freedom to express normal behaviour:
* By providing sufficient space, proper facilities and the company of the animal’s own kind
Weakness: Principles, or aspirational states, hard to achieve. They do not provide a convincing basis for animal welfare assessment and management.
10
Q
What are the 5 domains?
A
- Originally formulated in 1994, had the specific purpose of assessing and grading the negative impacts of research, teaching and testing procedures on sentient animals.
1. Nutrition Water deprivation, food deprivation, malnutrition - Balanced and varied diet
2. Environmnet Physical and atmospheric challenges- comfortable and pleasent
3. Health Disease, injury and functional impairment- Fif and uninjured
4. Behaviour Beharioural and/or interactive movement restrictions- able to express rewarding behaviours
5. Mental State Thirst, hunger, anxiety, fear, pain, distress- Calm, social, playful, pleased
= welfare state
11
Q
What is the definition of animal welfare?
2pt
A
- The physical and mental state of an animal in relation to the conditions in which it lives and dies
- An animal is in a good state of welfare if it is healthy, comfortable, well nourished, safe, able to express innate behaviour, and if it is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain, fear, and distress
12
Q
What is the 3 circles model with definitions?
6pt
A
- A biological functioning approach. Animals should be capable of normal growth and reproduction, and reasonably free from disease, injury, malnutrition, and abnormalities of behavior and physiology.
- A natural living approach. Animals should be kept in reasonably natural environments and be allowed to develop and use their nature adaptations and capabilities.
- A feelings based approach. Affective states of animals (“feelings” or “emotions”) are key elements in quality of life. Thus a high level of welfare requires that animals experience comfort, contentment, and pleasure.
13
Q
What are the problems with animal welfare?
4pt
A
- Solutions are not “true or false”, but rather “better or worse”
- No definitive formulation of the problem exists: the same type of environment can produce very different animal welfare outcomes
- Constraints and resources for solution change over time.
- Stakeholders have radically different frames of reference about the problem: consumers, clinicians, farmers, scientists, politicians,… definitions and animal needs will differ from person to person.
14
Q
Personal views on animal welfare are based on..?
6pt
A
- Education
- Ethical values
- economic level
- professionalism
- experiences
- traditions
15
Q
What is ethics and what are examples?
5pt
A
- Applies to a society
- Guiding principles of conduct
- Influenced by profession, field, organization,…
Examples: Code of practice, Veterinary oath, religious texts,…
Field of ethics that deals with how and why we should take animals into account in our moral decisions
