Lecture 20 - Sarcopenia + Ultrasound

Question 1

measurement of high frequency soundwaves as they encounter various underlying tissues to visualize body

Answer 1

ultrasound

Question 2

production of image is based on_____ of reflected soundwaves and the ___ at which they travel thru the body

Answer 2

amplitude; speed

Question 3

primary interest for use is to measure:

Answer 3

skeletal muscle thickness, muscle cross sectional area, muscle quality

Question 4

strengths of U/S

Answer 4

can be performed at bedside, portable, no radiation, good intra observer reliability

Question 5

limitations of U/S

Answer 5

no expedient way to estimate total muscle mass in practice, numbers not translatable yet to cut points differentiating between low and high muscularity

Question 6

what is sarcopenia (consensus definition)?

Answer 6

syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength with a risk of adverse outcomes such as physical disability , poor quality of life, and death

Question 7

how to diagnose EWGSOP?

Answer 7

criterion 1 + (criterion 2 or 3)

Question 8

what is criterion 1?

Answer 8

low muscle mass

Question 9

what is criterion 2?

Answer 9

low muscle strength

Question 10

what is criterion 3?

Answer 10

low physical performance

Question 11

rational for criterion 2 OR 3?

Answer 11

muscle strength does not solely depend on muscle mass; relationship between two is not linear

Question 12

criterion 2 and 3 relate to _____

Answer 12

muscle function

Question 13

muscle mass is measured by ___ in research and ____ in clinical practice

Answer 13

CT, MRI, DXA, BIA, total/partial body potassium per FFM ; BIA, DXA, anthropometry

Question 14

muscle strength is measured by ___ in research and ___ in clinical practice

Answer 14

handgrip, knee flexion/extension, peak expiratory flow ; handgrip strength

Question 15

physical performance is measured by ___ in research and ____ in clinical practice

Answer 15

short performance physical battery (SPPB), usual gait speed, timed get up and go (TUG), stair climb power test ; same except no stair climb

Question 16

cut off point for women hand grip is ___ and for men is ____

Answer 16

<20; <30

Question 17

mechanisms of sarcopenia (can be single or multi factorial)

Answer 17

endocrine, neurodegenerative disease, cachexia, inadequate nutrition/malabsorption, disuse, age related (primary)

Question 18

primary sarcopenia also called ____, secondary is _____, other category called ___ related sarcopenia

Answer 18

age-related; activity-related or disease-related; nutrition

Question 19

what is cachexia?

Answer 19

severe wasting of muscle tissue associated with inflammation, insulin resistance, anorexia, increased muscle protein breakdown; not responsive to diet interventions

Question 20

what is frailty?

Answer 20

geriatric syndrome resulting from age-related cumulative declines across multi physiologic systems, w/ impaired homeostatic reserve and a reduced capacity of the organism to withstand stress, thus increasing vulnerability to adverse health outcomes including falls, hospitalization, institutionalization and mortality

Question 21

normal or high phase angle associated with:

Answer 21

improved cell health: gain in cell fxn and better nutr status

Question 22

cut off for sarcopenia is _____ standard deviations below normal

Answer 22

2