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NUTR 425 > Body Comp > Flashcards

Body Comp Flashcards

1
Q

why is body comp assessment relevant to dieticians?

A

nutrition diagnosis, help guide intervention development, monitor impact of nutrition interventions

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2
Q

3 components of study of body comp:

A

rules and models, bio influences, measurement techniques

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3
Q

what are the 5 lvls of human body comp?

A

atomic, molecular, cellular, tissue-system, whole body

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4
Q

subcomponents of level 4

A

blood, bone, adipose, skeletal muscle, other

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5
Q

basic 2 compartment model:

A

fat and fat free mass

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6
Q

key observations about men in Behnke’s reference man and woman:

A

generally > ht and wt and muscle mass, < total body fat

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7
Q

what is essential fat?

A

fat in internal organs (heart, lungs, liver, spleen, muscles, intestines, kidneys) bone marrow, CNS, cell membranes ; in females there is also sex specific essential fat; essential for normal physiological functioning

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8
Q

what is storage fat?

A

includes fat primarily in adipose tissue deports, fat that surrounds/protects organs (visceral), adipose tissue depot beneath skin’s surface (subcutaneous)

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9
Q

what is fat free mass?

A

body mass devoid of all extractable fat (muscle, connective tissue, water, organic matter, mineral content); ie. FFM = body mass - fat mass

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10
Q

what is lean body mass?

A

FFM + essential fat

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11
Q

direct methods to assess body comp:

A

cadaver analysis (direct chemical analysis of the adult body, most accurate) which is the gold standard but not practical

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12
Q

indirect methods (in vivo) to assess body comp:

A

anthropometry, hydrodensitrometry, air displacement plethysmography, whole body counting, BIA, DXA, CT, MRI, ultrasound

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13
Q

error associate with in vivo methods:

A

methodological (data collection) error, error in assumptions (calculations)

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14
Q

how close measured value gets to true value

A

validity

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15
Q

how close measured values are to each other

A

reliability

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16
Q

bio factors that influence body comp:

A

genetic influences, life stage/age, exercise, chronic disease

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17
Q

LBM ___ throughout childhood and ____ with ^ age

A

increases; decreases

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18
Q

anthropometric measures:

A

wt, skinfold, circumferences, stature, limb lengths, breadths

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19
Q

anthropometric findings compared to:

A

reference standards and previous measurements of individual

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20
Q

uses of anthropometry?

A

estimate body comp, evaluate nutrition status, indices and ratios can predict disease risk

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21
Q

ht is measured to the nearest ___ cm

A

0.5

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22
Q

primary method for height:

A

stadiometer

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23
Q

estimates for height:

A

knee height index, half arm span, Demi arm span, ulna length, recumbent length with measuring tape

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24
Q

knee height best measured using _____

A

sliding knee ht caliper

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25
Q

what is half arm span?

A

distance form midline at sternal notch to tip of mid finger while non dominant arm is stretched out horizontally (ht calculated by doubling this measure)

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26
Q

what is demispan?

A

distance from midline at sternal notch to web between mid and ring fingers along outstretched non dominant arm (gender specific formulas)

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27
Q

equations used to predict height in men and women >65 years:

A

ulna length (olecranon process at elbow to midpoint of styloid process at wrist)

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28
Q

wt is measured to nearest ____

A

0.1 kg

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29
Q

relationship between BMI and mortality represented by ____

A

J shaped curve

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30
Q

risk of death is lowest at this BMI range:

A

22.5-25

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31
Q

wt measurement at time of exam is called:

A

actual body weight

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32
Q

clinical presentation to consider in context of interpretation of ABW:

A

fluid status, disease burden, tumours

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33
Q

what is IBW?

A

ideal weight associated with max life expectancy for given ht

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34
Q

frame size measurement includes:

A

biacromial breadth, bitrochanteric breadth, ratio of stature to wrist circumference, breadth of chest, knee and wrist breadth, elbow breadth

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35
Q

most accessible and easy to measure, practical frame size measurement?

A

elbow breadth

36
Q

frame size limitations:

A

subjective, reference data not representative of entire population, quality of data variable, inadequate control of confounding variable that can influence wt, unclear how frame size was determined , don’t provide info on body comp

37
Q

calculating IBW use ____ equation

A

Hamwi

38
Q

how to calculate %IBW?

A

actual body weight / ideal body weight x 100

39
Q

how to calculate IBW?

A

use BMI target

40
Q

used by some RDs for obese pt when calculating energy requirements

A

adjusted body weight

41
Q

premise of AdBW is ____ and assumption is _____

A

adipose tissue not as metabolically active asleep tissue so ABW in equations to predict BEE may result in overestimation ; 25% of excess wt in obese person is metabolically active

42
Q

equation for AdBW?

A

0.25 (ABW - IBW) + IBW

43
Q

AdBW typically used when client > ____% IBW

A

125-130

44
Q

%UBW is calculated by:

A

actual / usual weight

45
Q

calculate %wt lost:

A

(usual-current) / usual x 100

46
Q

estimated IBW for amputees:

A

((100 - %amputation) / 100) x IBW for original ht

47
Q

android type also referred to as ____ and is _____

A

apple/male type; > proportion fat distributed in upper body, esp. abdomen

48
Q

gyroid type also referred to as ____ and is _____

A

pear/female type; > proportion fat distributed in lower body, esp. hips and thighs

49
Q

excess ab fat is associated with:

A

insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia, prediabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, stroke, mortality

50
Q

cut points for WHR (waist to hip ratio)

A

0.95 for M, 0.80 for F

51
Q

better predictor of overall ab obesity than WHR

A

waist circumference

52
Q

WC outpoints to determine disease risk:

A

> /= 102 cm for M, >/=88 cm for F

53
Q

skin folds measurement is based on this assumption:

A

direct relationship exists between total body fat and subcutaneous fat

54
Q

2 uses for measurements of skinfolds collected:

A

1) scores for various measures added and sum used to indicate relative degree of fatness 2) scores inputted into various math regression equations developed to calculate %BF

55
Q

assumptions involved in skin folds:

A

1) double thickness of skin/subcutanoues adipose tissue has constant compressibility 2) thickness of skin is negligible or a constant fraction of skin fold 3) thickness of SAT is constant/predictable within and between individuals 4) fat content of adipose tissue is constant 5) proportion of internal to external fat is constant 6) body fat is normally distributed

56
Q

which has more impact, absolute change or percentage change?

A

%change

57
Q

4 common skin fold measurement:

A

bicep, tricep, sub scapular, suprailiac

58
Q

advantages of skin folds:

A

inexpensive, require little space, expedient, estimates of body comp correlate well with those done from hydrostatic weighing when skin folds done correctly

59
Q

limitations of skin folds?

A

requires extensive training, less accurate than other indirect methods

60
Q

general procedure of estimating body comp from body density

A

densitometry

61
Q

density of human body is ration of ____ and ___

A

mass (MA) ; volume (v)

62
Q

equation for body density:

A

Db = MA/V

63
Q

synonymous with hydrodensitometry, original gold standard of body comp assessment prior to advancement of other tech

A

underwater weighing

64
Q

modern alternative air displacement plethysmography

A

bod pod and pea pod

65
Q

technique of hydrodensitometry is based on:

A

archimedes Principle: volume of object submerged in water = volume of water the object displaces

66
Q

how does UWW work?

A

computes body volume as diff between body mass measured in air (Wa) and body weight measurement during water submersion (Ww); body volume (BV) is = to the loss of wt in water with the appropriate temp correction for water’s density (Dw)

67
Q

equation for UWW:

A

BV = (Wa-Ww) Dw

68
Q

UWW procedure:

A

subject exhales fully, slowly lean forward until head completely submerged, try press as much air from lungs as possible, stays motionless, multiple trials

69
Q

factors that affect UWW measurements?

A

consumption of food and carbonated beverages beforehand, fluid losses during training, fluid retention prior to menstruation, ability to forcibly exhale while submerged

70
Q

corrections required for UWW:

A

residual volume (RV) , volume of gas in GIT (VGI)

71
Q

how to calculate body density using UWW?

A

Db = Wa / ((Wa-Ww)/Dw - (RV+VGI))

72
Q

equations used for calculate %BF?

A

siri equation, brozek equation

73
Q

assumptions of FFM for UWW?

A

FFM has constant lvl of hydration and constant proportion of bone mineral to muscle

74
Q

density of fat is ____ and FFM is _____

A

0.9007g/cm^3; 1.100 g/cm^3

75
Q

limits of density assumptions for FM and FFM?

A

represent averages for young and middle aged adults, constants vary among individuals and groups (ie. race/ethnicity)

76
Q

how to convert %BF into fat mass?

A

TBW x (%fat/100)

77
Q

biggest source of error in UWW?

A

residual volume

78
Q

limitations to UWW?

A

requires considerable subject cooperation and training, special equipment / space required, evaluator requires training, assumption of constant density of FFM, gas trapped in GIT can only be estimated

79
Q

technique where body vol and density estimated using pressure-volume relationships

A

air displacement plethysmography

80
Q

bod pod need to adjust for:

A

isothermal effects (put on swim cap and suit)

81
Q

total body volume is corrected for ____

A

thoracic gas volume (measured or predicted)

82
Q

TGV measured is better than predicted for this population:

A

athletes at extreme heights, >185cm

83
Q

final body volume is corrected for:

A

TGV and body surface area

84
Q

advantages of ADP?

A

validation studies show good agreement with other criterion methods, expedient, easy test to perform, more suitable for children and elderly v UWW

85
Q

limitations of BOD POD?

A

expensive, not portable , depend on assumption that FFM has constant density

NUTR 425 (15 decks)

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