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Block 2 Gross > Lecture 20: Embryology of the Heart, Lungs, and Diaphragm > Flashcards

Lecture 20: Embryology of the Heart, Lungs, and Diaphragm Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the right and left endocardial tubes and adjacent myocardial plates of the heart?

A

lateral plate mesoderm

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2
Q

What happens with the two endocardial tubes and myocardial plates

A

they come together to form one heart tube

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3
Q

What are the two layers of the heart tube?

A

endocardial layer surrounded by a myocardial layer

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4
Q

Describe the movement (looping) of the heart tube during the first few weeks of embryogenesis

A

structures forming the right side of the heart (right atrium and ventricle) swing anteriorly and the left swings to the posterior

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5
Q

What is septation

A

The creation of two atria and ventricles and divides the AV canal and ventricular outflow from aorta and pulmonary trunk

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6
Q

What is created first the atrium or ventricles?

A

They are made simultaneously

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7
Q

What forms the AV valves (tricuspid and mitral)

A

endocardial cushion

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8
Q

What forms the aortic and pulmonic semilunar valves?

A

Endocardial cushion

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9
Q

Embryological derivative of the medial wall of left atrium

A

septum primum

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10
Q

Embryological derivative of the medial wall of right atrium

A

septum secundum

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11
Q

Ostium primum

A

hole in the septum premum that leads into the AV canal

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12
Q

What closes the ostium primum

A

endocardial cushion

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13
Q

Ostium secundum

A

Forms in the septum premium as osmium primum closes

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14
Q

What closes ostium secundum

A

septum secundum

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15
Q

What happens to the growth of the septum secundum once the ostium secundum closes

A

It stops growth

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16
Q

When septum secundum stops growing, what forms

A

foramen ovale

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17
Q

Role of foramen ovale

A

Shunts blood from the right atrium to the left atrium

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18
Q

Left heart hypoplasia

A

premature closing of foramen ovale

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19
Q

What forms the membranous portion of the inter ventricular septum

A

endocardial cushion

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20
Q

Ostium primum atrial spetal defect

A

inadequate development of the cushions can cause failure of final closure of the atrial septum

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21
Q

Membranous ventricular septal defect

A

inadequate development of the cushions can cause failure of final closure of the ventricular septum

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22
Q

Persistent AV canal

A

most severe defect involving the endocardial cushion

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23
Q

Ventricular septal disease (VSD)

A

When the muscular and membranous inerventricular septa do no fuse together

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24
Q

Defects in septation are often accompanied by…Why?

A

Defects in the heart because anything that alters blood flow will affect the path or volume of flow

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25
Q

Example of how defects in aorticopulmonary septation results in ventricular septal defects underlying one or both great vessels

A

Tetralogy Fallot

26
Q

Describe the 4 defects from Tetralogy Fallot

A

(OVEN). Overriding aorta, Ventricular spetal defect, Pulmonary stenosis (narrow right ventricular outflow tract), Right ventricular hypertrophy (due to higher pressures on the right side of the heart)

27
Q

What do the aortic arches arise from

A

aortic sac

28
Q

Right and Left aortic arch IV

A

Right: Right subclavian a.
Left: Arch of aorta

29
Q

Connection between the recurrent laryngeal branches and aortic arch IV

A

The recurrent branches recur around aortic arch IV

30
Q

Aortic Arch VI

A

Right and left pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosum on the left side

31
Q

Structures in the respiratory tract that derive from endoderm?

A

Epithelial linings of

  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal alveoli
32
Q

what structures in the respiratory tract derive from splanchnic mesoderm?

A

The cartilage, muscle, and CT components of:

  • trachea
  • lungs
  • pulmonary blood vessels
33
Q

Where is there open communication between the respiratory divritiulum and forget in the embryo

A

Trachea (respiratory divriticulum) and the esophagus (forgut)

34
Q

Which is located more anterior the esophagus or trachea

A

trachea

35
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistula

A

esophagus ends in a blind pouch (baby throws up food)

36
Q

What does the main stem of the lung bud (respiratory divriticulum) form

A

trachea

37
Q

Where do the bronchial buds come from?

A

lateral outpocketings of the lung buds

38
Q

What do the bronchial buds form

A

mainstem (or primary) bronchi

39
Q

How many secondary bronchus are formed by the right mainstream bronchi? left?

A

Right: 3 (one per lobe)
Left: 2 (one per lobe)

40
Q

Type II pneumocyte

A

type of cells derived from endoderm in the alveolar ducts and alveoli. Produces surfactant

41
Q

What is the role of surfactant

A

prevents lungs from collapsing during expiration

42
Q

Respirtory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

A

happens in some premature infants due to inadequate levels of surfactant in lung airways

43
Q

What structures of the diaphragm derived from somatic lateral plate mesoderm

A
  • Septum transverum

- Pleuroperitoneal membranes

44
Q

What structures of the diaphragm derived from myoblasts

A

skeletal muscle cells

45
Q

What structures of the diaphragm derived from mesenchyme surrounding the forgut

A

dorsal mesentery of esophagus

46
Q

What did the crura of the diaphragm arise from

A

dorsal mesentery of esophagus

47
Q

Which portions of the respirator system derived from the forgut?

A

Trachea, bronchi, alveoli, alveolar ducts

48
Q

How does splanchnic mesoderm contribute to the formation of the lungs

A

All cartilage, muscle, and CT in the trachea and lungs developed from splanchnic mesoderm

49
Q

How can the esophageotrachea fistula form

A

An abnormal separation between the trachea and the esophagus uses the esophagus to end in a “blind pouch”

50
Q

What are the cellular derivatives of endoderm in the bronchial tree/lung

A

Epithelial singing of larynx, trachea, bronchi, brochioles, terminal alveoli

51
Q

How is the diaphragm formed?

A

Septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal folds, mesoesophagus, myoblasts (skeletal muscle)

52
Q

Where are defects in the diaphragm normally found and why?

A

In the pleuroperitoneal folds because the pleura and peritoneum fail to fuse

53
Q

Basic formation of the heart

A

Lateral plate mesoderm forms two endocardial tubes and two adjacent myocardial plates. These come together to form one heart tube with and endocardial and myocardial layer.

54
Q

What is the endocardial cushion? What is its clinical significance?

A

Forms the tricuspid, mitral, pulmonic, and aortic valve. When there is a deficiency in the endocardial cushion many clinical issues arise (i.e osmium premum atrial septal defect or membranous ventricular septal defect).

55
Q

How is the intertribal septum formed

A

endocardial cushion

56
Q

What is a common defect of the interatrial septum

A

Persistent AV canal

57
Q

What is the Tetrology of Fallot

A

Septum dividing the aorta and pulmonary artery is displaces resulting in the 4 defects: Over-riding aorta, ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, and right ventricular hypertrophy

58
Q

What are the aortic arches

A

IV and VI left and right

59
Q

What is derived from the 4th aortic arch on the right and left side

A

Right: Subclavian a.
Left: Arch of aorta

60
Q

What is derived from the 6th aortic arch

A

Pulmonary arteries (ductus venosum on the left)

Block 2 Gross (11 decks)

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