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Block 2 Gross > Lecture 14: Embryology of the Gut > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Embryology of the Gut Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two foldings involved in primitive gut formation

A

Later folding and cephalo-caudal folding

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2
Q

What primary get layers makes up the gut?

A

Endoderm

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3
Q

What are structural derivatives of the ectoderm?

A

Skin and nervous system

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4
Q

What are structural derivatives of the mesoderm?

A

CT, cartilage, muscle, bone, and blood

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5
Q

What are the directions for the cephalic-caudal and lateral plate mesoderm folds?

A

Cepalo-caudal- inwards
Lateral plate mesoderm- lateral
both form the body wall and body because the head and tail region become distinct from one another

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6
Q

As these two folds in the embryo occur, a big space develops, what is that called?

A

Intraembryonic coelomic cavity

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7
Q

What are the 3 body cavities derived in the intraembryonic coelomic cavity in the adult

A

Pleural cavity, pericardial, peritioneal cavity

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8
Q

Compare the size of the embryo peritoneal cavity to the adult

A

Embryo is much larger than the adult due to the growth of the organs

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9
Q

Significant structures that arise from the folding of the lateral plate mesoderm in the adult

A

Visceral and parietal paritoneum

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10
Q

How is the primitive gut separated from the yolk sac

A

Lateral and cephalo-caudal folding

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11
Q

Will a connection between the yolk sac and the primitive gut still exist after folding? If so how?

A

Yes because the yolk stalk (vitaline duct or omphalomesenteric duct) remains connected but continues to narrow with time

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12
Q

What structures will become a part of the forgut?

A

Forms pharynx, esophagus, stomach, proximal half duodenum, liver, pancreas, gal bladder, lower respirtory system

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13
Q

What structures will become a part of the midgut

A

Forms distal duodeum, jejunum, illeum, large intestine up to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

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14
Q

What is the midgut region connected to in the embryo

A

Yolk sac

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15
Q

What structures will become a part of the hindgut

A

Forms the lateral 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, gut part of anal canal

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16
Q

Allantois

A

Membrane that becomes incorporated into the embryo (in the hindgut region) and participates in the formation of the cloaca

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17
Q

How is the gut attaches to the back body wall?

A

Dorsal mesentery

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18
Q

Describe how the dorsal mesentery is formed

A

The cephalo-caudal and lateral foldings divides the mesoderm into the somatic (on the body) and splanchnic mesoderm (on the gut). The dorsal mesentery is a double layer fold of splanchnic mesoderm

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19
Q

Other than the dorsal mesentery, what else is derived from the splanchnic mesoderm?

A

Smooth muscle of GI tract

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20
Q

What organs are suspended by the dorsal mesentery

A

Every gut organs

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21
Q

What is the space between the somatic and splanchnic mesoderm called

A

Intraembryonic coelomic cavity

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22
Q

The ventral mesentery grows very early, what happens to the ventral mesentery when the liver begins to grow

A

The liver divides the mesentery into 2 parts- the falciform ligament and lesser omentum

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23
Q

What are two structural derivatives of the dorsal mesentery

A

Falciform ligament and lesser omentum

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24
Q

Where is the ventral mesentery present?

A

forgut (unlike dorsal mesentery)

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25
Q

What mesoderm derive the parietal and viscera paritoneum

A

Parietal- Somatic mesoderm

Visceral- Splanchnic mesoderm

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26
Q

What does the diaphragm separate

A

Thorax from abdomen

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27
Q

Describe the role of mesenchymal cells in diaphragm and ventral mesentery formation

A

There is a sheet of mesenchyme cells (undiff. cells) with a top and bottom
-top part forms the diaphragm and the bottom part forms the ventral mesentary.

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28
Q

How many different parts form the diaphragm

A

4

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29
Q

What are the different parts that form the diaphragm

A
  1. Septum transversum
  2. Pleuroperitoneal folds
  3. Mesentery of esophagus
  4. Skeletal muscle cells
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30
Q

What portion of the diaphragm does the septum transversum create?

A

The anteriolateral region of diaphragm including central tendon

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31
Q

Describe the movement of the septum transversum with spinal/vertebral cord levels

A

Initially lies opposite to Spinal cord levels C3,4, and 5 in the embryo then descents to vertebral level L1, taking the phrenic nerve with it

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32
Q

Does the septum transverse completely close of the thorax and abdomen

A

no

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33
Q

Role of the pleuroperitoneal folds

A

Close off the posteriolateral gaps in the diaphragm (called pericardioparitoneal canals)

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34
Q

Where do the pleuroperitoneal folds originate and where do they extend?

A

They originate from the caudal border of pleural cavities then grow to meet each other and the septum transversum

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35
Q

What entraps the dorsal mesentery of the esophagus

A

the pleuroperitoneal folds and septum transverse

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36
Q

What is another name for the dorsal mesentery of the esophagus

A

mesoesophagus

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37
Q

Where does the cura of the diaphragm develop

A

mesoesophagus

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38
Q

Where is most of the muscle on the diaphragm located

A

At there periphery

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39
Q

What is the embryonic derivative of the skeletal muscle in the diaphragm

A

mesenchymal cells

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40
Q

Where does all of the muscle on the diaphragm attach

A

Central tendon

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41
Q

How do Diaphragmatic hernias result?

A

Failure of closing the pleuorperitoneal folds

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42
Q

What’s the consequence of diaphragmatic hernias?

A

The pericardioperitoneal canals remain open, allowing abdominal visceral to move into the thorax interfering with lung maturation

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43
Q

What does the forgot form in the embryo

A

pharyngeal pouches, esophagus, trachea, lung buds, stomach, liver, bilary system, and pancreas

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44
Q

What is the blood supply for all forget organs

A

Celiac trunk

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45
Q

How does the esophagus develop?

A

Out pocketing of the respiratory or tracheobronchial divriticulum from its ventral wall

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46
Q

Why is out pocketing of the tracheobronchial divriticulum necessary

A

To ensure the completion of the esophagotracheal septum

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47
Q

What is the esophagotracheal septum

A

Separates the esophagus (pathway for food) from the trachea (pathway for air)

48
Q

What is the last structure to form in the lungs

A

Alveoli (site of gas exchange)

49
Q

How do the alveoli develop

A

The tracheobronchial divriticulum interacts with the mesoderm

50
Q

Atrasia of esophagus

A

When the esophagus is not connected at the point where the esophagus is shut off from the trachea. Causing babies to spit up their food

51
Q

Esophageotracheal fistula

A

The esophagus and trachea are not closed off from one another causing lots of gas to enter the stomach

52
Q

Does the esophagus have a mesentary

A

Yes the dorsal mesentery of the esophagus or mesoesophagus

53
Q

what structure develops in the dorsal mesentery of esophagus?

A

Diaphragmatic cura

54
Q

What two mesenteries are contained within the stomach

A

The dorsal and ventral mesentery (called dorsal and ventral mesgastrum for stomach)

55
Q

What is the ventral mesogastrum formed by

A

septum transversum

56
Q

How is the mental bursa formed

A

In gut development- the rotation and uneven growth in the dorsal mesgastrum for the stomach to bend to the left making the mental bursa

57
Q

How is the great omentum formed in embryonic development

A

The dorsal mesgastrum grows in the caudal direction as the stomach rotates along its anterior posterior axis to form greater omentum

58
Q

Compare the great omentum in the embryo v.s the adult.

A

In the embryo the greater omentum is open to the mental bursa. In the adult the visceral layers of the greater omentum fuse and close off this connection (this occurs because the transverse colon is growing and pushes until the omental bursa is partially shut off)

59
Q

What happens when the stomach rotates 90 degrees

A

Puts the left vagus n. on the anterior portion of the stomach and esophagus and the right vagus n. on the posterior esophagus and stomach (this is how it is in the adult)

60
Q

What is the orientation of the 2 vagus nerves (left and right) on the embryonic gut?

A

They were on their respective sides (left and right)

61
Q

After the stomach has undergone rotation how does it lay?

A

Horizontally

62
Q

Where are the cardiac oriface and pyloric oriface oriented?

A

Cardiac oriface- Left

Pyloric oriface- Right

63
Q

What does the forgot portion of the duodenum give rise to?

A

Hepatic diverticulum, bilary system, and pancreatic diverticulum

64
Q

What causes the duodenum to loose its mesentery

A

The rotation of the gut causes the duodenum to be pushed against the posterior back wall

65
Q

Difference between the duodenum in adult verse embryo (other than the fact that the embryo is a straight pole)

A

The duodenum in the adult is both forgut and hindgut- however, in the embryo that all act as a cohesive unit

66
Q

What is another name for the hepatic diverticulum

A

liver bud

67
Q

Where does the liver bud form from?

A

Caudal portion of forgut

68
Q

How are liver cords formed

A

The liver buds invade the septum transversum

69
Q

What gives rise to the gallbladder?

A

The attachment of the hepatic diverticulum to the duodenum then narrows to form the bile duct which in turn gives rise to the glalbladder

70
Q

How is the ventral mesentery divided into the falciform ligament and the lesser omentum?

A

Growth of the liver into the septum transversum

71
Q

How does the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and common bile duct reach the liver?

A

Through caudal margin of lesser omentum

72
Q

What action displaces the stomach to the left

A

The downward growth of the liver

73
Q

How many pancreatic diverticula develop and where

A

2 develop in the duodenal region

74
Q

What are the names of the 2 pancreatic diverticulum

A

dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds

75
Q

What embryonic events cause the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds to fuse together

A

Growth of liver and stomach causes the duodenum to get pushed back to the posterior body wall (forming C-shaped loop) causing the buds to come together and fuse on to back wall (thus the pancreas becomes secondarily retroperitoneal)

76
Q

What parts of the pancreas are derived from the ventral pancreatic bud

A

The head and uncinate process

77
Q

What is the uncinate process

A

A part of pancreas that the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries pierce

78
Q

What are the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds attached to

A

Ventral- Common bile duct

Dorsal- Duodenum

79
Q

What derives from the dorsal pancreatic bud

A

the body and tail of pancreas

80
Q

Annular pancreas

A

When the ventral pancreatic bud constricts the duodenum by forming a ring around it

81
Q

Is the spleen a forgot derivative?

A

No

82
Q

How does the spleen develop

A

Forms from cells in the dorsal mesentery

83
Q

Since the dorsal mesentery pushes the spleen against the posterior wall is it secondarily retroperitoneal?

A

No, it remains in the dorsal mesentery

84
Q

How is the spleen suspended by the back wall?

A

Leinorenal ligament (splenorenal ligament)

85
Q

How is the spleen attached to the stomach

A

Gatsrosplenic ligament

86
Q

What ligaments for the lateral wall of the dorsal mesentery

A

The leinorenal (splenorenal) ligament and gastrosplenic ligament

87
Q

Where does the midgut region begin

A

Just caudal to where the common bile duct enters the duodenum

88
Q

Where does the midgut initially develop

A

In the extraembryoic coelomic space in the umbilical cord

89
Q

Why does the midgut form in the umbilical cord?

A

Because of the rapid growth of the liver (needs more room)

90
Q

What is it called when a structure (such as the intestines) leave the body (into say the umbilical cord)

A

Herniation

91
Q

Midgut rotation sequence

A

The midgut rotates 90 degrees counterclockwise about the superior mesenteric a. allowing the cecum to develop at the junction of the large and small intestine (remains attached to yolk sac during this)

92
Q

When is the connection between the midgut and yolk sac gone?

A

When the midgut is retracted into the abdomen

93
Q

If the connection between the midgut and yolk sac is not eradicated properly, what abnormalities occur

A

Meckel’s Diverticulum, Vitelline fistula, and Vitelline cyst

94
Q

What is the disorder vitelline fistula?

A

Persistent connection between the ileum and vitelline

95
Q

What are Meckel’s Diverticulum and Vitelline cyst?

A

Presence of vitelline ligaments to umbilicus

96
Q

When the midgut returns to the abdominal cavity, how many more degrees does it rotate

A

180 degrees counterclockwise around SMA

97
Q

What portion of the midgut returns to the abdomen first

A

small intestine

98
Q

Where does the small intestine go once it reaches the abdomen

A

To the left and under the SMA

99
Q

Where does the cecum go once the small intestine has entered the abdomen

A

To the left (initially) then to the right to sit in the right iliac fossa

100
Q

Omphalocoele

A

Results from the failure of the gut to return to the abdomen

101
Q

Malformation in midgut rotations

A

Duodenum could be infront of the transverse colon, v.s behind

102
Q

Where does the mesentery proper attach

A

Back wall in a left right fashion

103
Q

Where does the terminal portion of the hindgut enter

A

cloaca

104
Q

What is the cloaca

A

Common changer for feces and urine in the embryo

105
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the cloaca

A

urogenital sinus and anorectal canal (purpose: urine and feces are separated)

106
Q

What is the structure that divides the cloaca into its 2 divisions

A

urorectal septum

107
Q

List the forgut derivatives

A

Pharynx, lungs, bronchi, trachea, esophagus, stomach, superior and descending duodenum, gallbladder, and pancreas

108
Q

Arterial supply for all forget organs?

A

Celiac trunk

109
Q

List all midgut derivatives

A

Horizontal and Ascending duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 transverse colon

110
Q

Arterial supply to midgut organs

A

Superior mesenteric a

111
Q

List all hindgut derivatives

A

Lateral 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal to pectinate line

112
Q

Arterial supply to hindgut

A

inferior mesenteric a

113
Q

Derivatives of ventral mesentery

A

lesser omentum and falciform ligament

114
Q

What are the two ligaments that make up the lesser omentum?

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament and hepatogastric ligament

115
Q

Derivatives of the dorsal mesentery

A
  • Greater omentum
  • Lienorenal (splenorenal) ligament
  • Mesentery of jejunum and ileum
  • Transverse and Sigmoid mesocolon
  • Mesoduodenum (lost in adult)
116
Q

What are the 3 different ligaments that make up the greater omentum

A

Gastrocolic, gastrosplenic, Gastorphrenic ligaments

Block 2 Gross (11 decks)

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