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BIO 203 > Lecture 20 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Flashcards

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1
Q

How does sleep occur?

A

In cycles

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2
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

Events that reoccur at interval of about 24 hours

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3
Q

What is sleep?

A

A temporary state of unconscious (similar to coma) from which one can wake when stimulated

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4
Q

How is sleep characterized?

A

By stereotyped posture (lying down, eyes closed)

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5
Q

What is sleep paralysis?

A

Inhibition of muscular activity

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6
Q

What effect does sleep have?

A

Restorative

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7
Q

Can sleep deprivation be fatal?

A

To experimental animals

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8
Q

What may sleep be the time for?

A

Time to replenish such energy sources as glycogen and ATP

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9
Q

How might REM sleep consolidate and strengthen memories?

A

By reinforcing some synapses and eliminating others (hippocampus —> cerebral cortex)

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10
Q

What does sleep do to growth hormone secretion?

A

It increases it

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11
Q

What does an electroencephalogram (EEG) represent?

A

Fluctuations in brain electrical activity in voltage as a waveform of variable frequency and amplitude

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12
Q

What does an EEG help in diagnosis of?

A

Diagnosis of degenerative brain disease, metabolic abnormalities, and brain tumors

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13
Q

What are brain waves?

A

Rhythmic voltage changes resulting predominantly from synchronized postsynaptic potentials in the superficial layers of the cerebral cortex

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14
Q

What is a lack of brain waves a common criterion of?

A

Brain death

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15
Q

What is frequency?

A

Number of waves per second

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16
Q

What is amplitude?

A

Size of wave

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17
Q

What are alpha waves?

A

Awake but resting (eyes closed)

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18
Q

What are beta waves?

A

Eyes open and preforming mental tasks

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19
Q

What are theta waves?

A

Drowsy or sleepy (adults)/common in children

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20
Q

What are delta waves?

A

Deep sleep (adults)

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21
Q

How do brain waves change during the different stages of sleep?

A

They change dramatically

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22
Q

What are the 2 phases of sleep?

A

REM (rapid eye movement) (eyes oscillate back and forth)
Non-REM (stages N1, N2, N3)

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23
Q

What does the early portion of stage 1 sleep produce?

A

Alpha waves, the person is very relaxed yet awake

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24
Q

What happens as an individual continues through stage 1 sleep (N1)?

A

There is an increase in that wave activity

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25
Q

What happens in stage N2?

A

State of deep relaxation

Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles

Also K complexes are characteristics of this stage

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26
Q

What happens in stage N3 or deep sleep?

A

“Deep sleep or slow-wave sleep”

Heart rate and respiration slow dramatically

Consolidation of memories

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27
Q

What stage of sleep does dreaming occur?

A

REM sleep

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28
Q

What does “paradoxical sleep” mean?

A

High brain activity + lack of muscle tone

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29
Q

What is REM antonia?

A

Motor neurons are not being stimulated

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30
Q

What does EEG resemble?

A

The walking state

Increases T, BP, HR, and respiration

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31
Q

What is associated with paralysis of muscle systems?

A

REM sleep

Except those that make circulation and respiration possible

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32
Q

What dreams are in REM sleep?

A

Vivid and long dreams

Muscle paralysis prevents the person from acting out their dreams

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33
Q

What erection and constriction happen in REM sleep?

A

Penile/clitoral erection

Pupil constriction

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34
Q

REM sleep is consolidation of what memories?

A

Procedural memories

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35
Q

When does sleepwalking occur?

A

In slow wave sleep

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36
Q

What is a hypnogram?

A

Illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep

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37
Q

REM sleep ____ as the night progresses

A

Increases

Repeat cycle 4-5 times a night

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38
Q

What is an example of circadian rhythms?

A

Sleep-wake cycle

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39
Q

What is the body’s master biological clock?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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40
Q

How does the SCN receive direct retinal innervation?

A

Via the retinohypothalamic tract to ensure its synchronization to day-night cycles

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41
Q

What does input from eyes allow the SCN allow for?

A

To synchronize multiple body rhythms (clocks) with external rhythms of night and day

Sleep, body temp, urine productions hormone secretion, and other functions

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42
Q

When is the pineal gland secreted?

A

In the dark phase

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43
Q

What is the function of the lateral hypothalamus?

A

Light phase (waking)

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44
Q

What does melatonin regulate?

A

Circadian rhythm

Energy balance

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45
Q

What does orexin regulate?

A

Wakefulness

Food intake

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46
Q

What do emotional feelings result from?

A

From interaction between pro frontal cortex (PFC) - diencephalon

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47
Q

How does the limbic system categorize emotional experiences?

A

As either pleasant or unpleasant mental states

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48
Q

How does the hippocampus relate to emotion?

A

Memory consolidation of emotional events

49
Q

How does the hypothalamus relate to emotion?

A

Influences somatic and visceral motor systems (heart rate and BP increase, hair strands on end, and vomiting)

50
Q

How does the PFC relate to emotion?

A

Seat of judgement, intent, and control over expression of emotions (how to show those feelings)

51
Q

How does the striatum relate to emotion?

A

May be involved in avoidance of stimuli paired with aversive events and habit information

52
Q

How does the amygdala relate to emotion?

A

Receives input from sensory systems and send that information to cortical structures

Role in fear, food intake, sexual behavior, and stress responses

Sends outputs to different brain areas

53
Q

What is cognition?

A

The range of mental processes by which we acquire and use knowledge

Sensory perception-thought-reasoning-judgment-memory-imagination-intuition

54
Q

What are the 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Primary sensory areas
  2. Primary motor areas
  3. Association areas
55
Q

What are primary sensory areas?

A

Receive somatic sensory impulses including the 5 special senses, cutaneous sensation, some proprioception - general senses

Little visceral sensory information is routed to the cortex

56
Q

What are the 5 special senses?

A

Olfaction (smell)
Gustation (taste)
Equilibrium (balance and body position)
Vision
Hearing

57
Q

What are primary motor areas?

A

Generate impulses which innervate voluntary skeletal muscles

58
Q

What are association areas?

A

Cognition (integration of information

59
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Helps us think about the world and plan and execute appropriate behaviors

60
Q

What can prefrontal cortex lesions cause?

A

Personality disorders and socially inappropriate behaviors

61
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Helps perceive and attend to stimuli

Controls fine sensation (judgement of texture, weight, size, and shape)

62
Q

What can a lesion of the parietal lobe cause?

A

Contralateral neglect syndrome: unaware of objects or their own limbs on opposite side of the body

63
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Helps identify stimuli

64
Q

What two things can lesions to the temporal lobe cause?

A

Agnosia:inability to recognize, identify familiar objects
Prosopagnosia: cannot recognize faces or facial expressions

65
Q

What are association areas very close to?

A

Very close to the primary areas

66
Q

What do primary sensory areas receive?

A

Sensory impulses (one becomes conscious of a stimulus)

67
Q

What so association sensory areas do?

A

Integrate the incoming sensory information (and relate it with past experiences

68
Q

How is the primary gustatory cortex regaled to the special senses?

A

Taste signal are received here in the inferior end of the post central gyrus of the partial lobe

69
Q

How does the primary visual cortex related to the special senses?

A

This area receives visual signals (occipital lobe)

70
Q

How does the primary auditory relate to the special senses?

A

Auditory signals are received here in the temporal lobe

71
Q

How does the auditory association area relate to the social senses?

A

Aids in understanding spoken words

72
Q

What does the primary somatosensory cortex provide?

A

Awareness of stimulus

73
Q

What does the somatosensory association area make sense of?

A

Makes cognitive sense of stimulus

74
Q

Where is the somatosensory association area located?

A

In the roof of the lateral sulcus

75
Q

What is the region of the cerebral cortex related to the general (somatosensory, somesthetic, or somatic) senses?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

76
Q

How are the sense distributed?

A

Over the entire body

77
Q

What is the sensory homunculus?

A

Diagram of sensory inputs to the primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe

78
Q

What does the sensory homunculus resemble?

A

A sensory map of contralateral side of the body

79
Q

What is the motor homunculus?

A

Map of primary motor cortex showing control of skeletal muscles

80
Q

What is the motor homunculus devoted to?

A

Devoted to a specific area that is proportional to the number of motor units involved in the region’s control

81
Q

What is the amount of cerebral tissue devoted to a given body region proportional to?

A

Proportional to how richly innervated and sensitive that region is, NOT TO ITS SIZE

82
Q

What are the 3 phases of voluntary movement control?

A
  1. Planing movement
  2. Initiating movement
  3. Executing movement
83
Q

Where does the intention to contract a muscle begin?

A

In motor association (premotor) area of frontal lobes

84
Q

What neurons is the program transmitted to?

A

Neurons of the precentral gyrus of frontal lobes (primary motor area)

85
Q

What neurons are responsible to the execution of the movement?

A

The alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord

86
Q

What does the cerebellum correct?

A

Corrects errors in ongoing movements

87
Q

What the happens in the motor association (premotor) area before the second phase?

A

Neurons compile a program for degree and sequence of muscle contraction required for an action

88
Q

What do the basal ganglia and cerebellum do?

A

They are large collections of nuclei that modify movement on a minute-to-minute basis

89
Q

How does the basal ganglia and cerebellum interact with the cerebral cortex?

A

Motor cortex sends information to both structures

Both structures send information right back to the cortex

90
Q

How do you get to the cortex?

A

Must go through thalamus

91
Q

What is the input of the cerebellum and basal ganglia?

A

Cerebellum = excitatory

Basal ganglia = inhibitory

92
Q

What does the balance between these two systems allow for?

A

For smooth, coordinated movement

93
Q

What happens if there is a disturbance in either system?

A

It will show up as a movement disorder

94
Q

What are the several abilities involved in language?

A

Reading, writing, speaking, and understanding words

95
Q

Where are the different abilities assigned?

A

To the different regions of the cerebral cortex

96
Q

What is the angular gyrus (parietal lobe) important for?

A

Important in the ability to read and write

97
Q

What does the Wernicke’s area, in the left hemisphere, do in the right hemisphere?

A

Recognizes the emotional content to another person’s speech

98
Q

What does the Broca’s area, in the left hemisphere, do in the right hemisphere?

A

Affective language area

99
Q

What can lesions in the affective language area cause?

A

Aprosody: flat emotionless speech

100
Q

How is the emotional aspect of language controlled?

A

Controlled by regions in the opposite hemisphere that mirror these areas

101
Q

What do lesions of Broca’s area produce?

A

Aphasia: loss of ability to understand or express speech

Non fluent (Broca’s)

Fluent (Wernicke’s)

102
Q

What do lesions of the right hemisphere cause?

A

Inability to understand a joke

103
Q

How does a PET scan of the brain during a language task work?

A

First person reads the words, then they speak them

104
Q

What does the primary auditory cortex do we we intend to speak?

A

It formulates phrases and transmutes a plan of speech to Broca’s area

105
Q

What does the primary auditory cortex permit?

A

Permits recognition of spoken and written language

106
Q

What does damage to the primary auditory cortex cause?

A

Causes loss of language comprehension

107
Q

What does the Broca’s area generate?

A

Motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, checks, and lips for speaking and for hands when signing

108
Q

What does Broca’s area transmit?

A

Transmits program to primary motor cortex, which executes it

109
Q

How to the cerebral hemispheres differ?

A

They differ in structure and function

110
Q

Neither hemisphere is ____, but each is specialized for certain tasks

A

Dominant

111
Q

What is the left hemisphere known as?

A

“The categorical hemisphere “

112
Q

What is the right hemisphere known as?

A

“The representational hemisphere”

113
Q

What is lateralization correlated with?

A

Handedness

114
Q

What does laterilzation differ with?

A

Differs with age and sex

115
Q

Children are more resilient to lesions on ____

A

On one side

116
Q

What happens because males exhibit more lateralization than females?

A

Males suffer more functional loss when one hemisphere is damaged

117
Q

What are the functions of the left hemisphere?

A

Sequential and analytical (math and science)

Breaks information into fragments and analyzes it

118
Q

What is the function of the right hemisphere?

A

Comparison of sights, sounds, smells, and taste

More creative side

BIO 203 (6 decks)

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