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BIO 203 > Lecture 18 > Flashcards

Lecture 18 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the subdivisions of the forebrain?

A
  • Telencephalon (cerebrum)
  • Diencephalon
    (Thalamus
    Hypothalamus
    Subthalamus
    Epithalamus )
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2
Q

What does the telencephalon develop into?

A

The cerebrum

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3
Q

What are the 4 main components of the Diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus

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4
Q

Which is the sensory relay station?

A

Thalamus

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5
Q

What does the epithalamus do?

A

Emotions and cardiac rhythms

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6
Q

What controls motor functions?

A

Subthalamus

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7
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Major control center of endocrine and autonomic nervous systems

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8
Q

What does the subthalamus contain?

A

A large subthalamic nucleus that is functionally considered a part of the basal ganglia

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9
Q

Each side of the brain has what?

A

A thalamus
It is in the center of the brain

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10
Q

What is the thalamus considered?

A

“Gateway to the cerebral cortex”

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11
Q

Where does nearly all input to the cerebrum synapse?

A

In thalamic nuclei (“screen out information”)

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12
Q

What is the main function of the thalamic nuclei?

A

Relate and modulate information (limbic, motor, and all sensory modalities besides olfaction) incoming from the periphery to the cerebral cortex

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13
Q

What are the 5 major functional groups of the thalamic nuclei?

A

Lateral group
Medial group
Anterior group
Ventral group
Posterior group

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14
Q

What does the lateral group do?

A

Somatosensory output to associates ares of cortex

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15
Q

What does the medial group do?

A

Emotions

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16
Q

What does the anterior group do?

A

Part of limbic system (memory and emotion)

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17
Q

What does the posterior group do?

A

Relay of signals

Visual - to occipital lobe (visual cortex)
Auditory - to temporal lobe (auditory cortex)

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18
Q

What does the ventral group do?

A

Somatosensory output to primary cortex (postcentral gyrus)

Signals from cerebellum and basal nuclei to motor areas of cortex

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19
Q

What is the epithalamus?

A

A small mass of tissue composed mainly of habenula and pineal body (gland)

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20
Q

What does the epithalmus produce?

A

Melatonin

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21
Q

What is the epithalamus wired with?

A

Wired with the limbic system and basal ganglia

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22
Q

What does the epithalamus participate in?

A

In regulation of the body’s circadian (24 hour) rhythms

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23
Q

What is the overall function of the hypothalamus?

A

The integration of body functions for the maintenance of homeostasis

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24
Q

How does the hypothalamus maintain homeostasis?

A

By controlling endocrine autonomic, and somatic behavior

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25
Q

How does the hypothalamus receive internal stimuli?

A

Via receptors for circulating hormones

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26
Q

How does the hypothalamus sense external stimuli?

A

Via the spinothalamic tract (pain and temperature information

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27
Q

How many bilateral nuclei are there?

A

11

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28
Q

What hypothalamic function does the suprachiasmatic nucleus link with?

A

Biological clock

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29
Q

What hypothalamic function does the mammillary nucleus link with?

A

Memory formation
Relay between limbic system and thalamus

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30
Q

What hypothalamic function does the dorsomedial nucleus link with?

A

Rage and other emotions

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31
Q

What monitors body temperature?

A

Neurons of the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus

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32
Q

What does the ventromedial nucleus do?

A

“Satiety center”
Decreases eating/glucose sensing

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33
Q

What does the lateral (complex) nucleus do?

A

“Feeding center”
Hunger/increases eating

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34
Q

What does the arcuate nucleus do?

A

Receives signals from GI tract and adipose tissue (leptin) and regulated both satiety and feeding centers

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35
Q

What does the arcuate nucleus release?

A

Hypothalamic hormones secreted by axon terminals into the hypophyseal portal veins to control anterior pituitary hormone release

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36
Q

What does the (medial) preoptic nucleus release?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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37
Q

What does the GnRH stimulate?

A

Release of LH FSH by pituitary gland

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38
Q

The paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei both produce what?

A

Produce the peptides oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin)

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39
Q

Where are oxytocin and ADH released from?

A

From neuronal axons into the capillaries of the posterior pituitary

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40
Q

The PVN and supraoptic nuclei are both what?

A

Both hormones and neurotransmitters

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41
Q

What does PVN release in response to stressor signals?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

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42
Q

What stimulates the release of ATCH by the pituitary gland?

A

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

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43
Q

What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal lobe
Insula
Partietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

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44
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Planning judgement
Speech production
Voluntary motor control

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45
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Integrates general sense (pain, temp, touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception)
Taste information

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46
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Principal visual center of brain

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47
Q

What are the functions of the insula?

A

Visceral sensation
Empathy

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48
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A

Hearing
Smell
Verbal, visual, and auditory memory
Language comprehension (Wernicke’s area)

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49
Q

What are the three types of white matter tracts in the brain?

A

Association tracts
Projection tracts
Commissural tracts

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50
Q

Most of the volume of cerebrum is what?

A

White matter (myelinated fibers bundled into large tracts)

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51
Q

How are the white matter tracts classified?

A

According to the direction they run

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52
Q

What do the long fibers in association tracts connect?

A

Lobes

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53
Q

What do short fibers in association tracts connect?

A

Gyri within a lobe

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54
Q

What do intrahemispheric tracts connect?

A

Different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere

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55
Q

What is the cingulum?

A

Core part of the limbic system

56
Q

Where do projection tracts extend?

A

Vertically between higher and lower brain and spinal cord centers

57
Q

What two types of tracts can projection tracts be?

A

Efferent or afferent

58
Q

What is the fornix?

A

The main efferent system of the hippocampus and important part of the limbic system

59
Q

What is the corona radiata also known as?

A

Corticospinal tract

60
Q

What does the anterior commisure do?

A

Plays a role in the interhemispheric transfer of olfactory information between temporal lobes

61
Q

What do commissural tracts do?

A

Cross from 1 cerebral hemisphere to the other through bridges called commissures

62
Q

What is the corona radiata (radiating crown) in the brain formed by?

A

By nerve fibers (white matter) that make up the inner capsule

63
Q

What does the radiata crown do?

A

Connects the cerebral cortex to lower areas of the brain and spinal cord

64
Q

What is the radiata crown composed of?

A

A large set of projection fibers (afferent and efferent)

65
Q

Where is neural integration carried out?

A

In the gray matter of the cerebrum

66
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

A layer covering the surface of the hemispheres

67
Q

How many mm and what % brain mass is the cerebral cortex?

A

2-3 mm
40 % of brain mass

68
Q

What is hypothesized about the cerebral cortex?

A

That the cortex should be viewed as concentric rings of allocortex, mesocortex, and isocortex

69
Q

What is the last cortex region to evolve?

A

The neorocortex (or isocortex)

70
Q

What is the highly convoluted outer layer of the brain?

A

The cerebral cortex

71
Q

What are the 2 principle types of neurons in the cerebral cortex?

A

Small pyramidal cells
Steliate cells (star shaped

72
Q

What role do small pyramidal cells play in the cerebral cortex?

A

Axons leave the cortex and connect with other parts of the CNS

73
Q

What role do steliate cells play in the cerebral cortex?

A

Receive sensory input
Process information locally

74
Q

How many layers are in the neocortex (isocortex)?

A

6
(I-VI)

75
Q

What % does the neocortex (isocortex) take up in the cerebral cortex?

A

90%

76
Q

What are basal nuclei (basal ganglia)?

A

Groups of nuclei (clusters of neurons) curried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus

77
Q

What is the function of basal nuclei?

A

Involved in motor control
Receive input from the substantia nigra of the midbrain and motor areas of the cortex (and send signals back)

78
Q

What are the 3 types of basal nuclei?

A

Caudate
Putamen
Globes pallidus

79
Q

What are the 2 types of related basal nuclei?

A

Subthalamus
Substantia nigra

80
Q

What is the major part of the basal nuclei?

A

The corpus striatum

81
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Important center of emotion and learning

82
Q

What do most limbic system structures have centers for?

A

Gratification
Aversion

83
Q

What is gratification?

A

Sense of pleasure or reward

84
Q

What is aversion?

A

Unpleasant sensations (fear or sorrow)

85
Q

What regulates impulses, compulsions, and drives?

A

Medial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex

86
Q

What is the emotion center in the limbic system?

A

Amygdala

87
Q

Why is called the limbic system?

A

Limbus = ‘border’

Because its structures lie along a horseshoe shaped area of cortex that appears to be a border between the cerebral cortex and the sub cortical structures of the diencephalon

88
Q

What structure has the function of explicit (conscious) memories?

A

Hippocampus

89
Q

How are the 12 cranial nerves numbered?

A

I-XII
Starting with the most rostral pair (front or brain)

90
Q

Where do the cranial nerves primarily arise from?

A

From the base of the brain

91
Q

Where do the cranial nerves carry fibers?

A

Between the brainstem and ipsilateral receptors and effectors

92
Q

What does a lesion in 1 side of the brainstem cause?

A

Causes a sensory or motor deficit on the same side of the head
(Exceptions: II and IV nerves)

93
Q

Where is the olfactory bulb from?

A

The olfactory nerve

94
Q

What is the I nerve?

A

Olfactory nerve

95
Q

What is the II nerve?

A

Optic nerve

96
Q

What is the III nerve?

A

Oculomotor nerve

97
Q

What is the IV nerve?

A

Trochlear nerve

98
Q

What is the V nerve?

A

Trigeminal nerve

99
Q

What is the VI nerve?

A

Abducens nerve?

100
Q

What is the VII nerve?

A

Facial nerve

101
Q

What is the VIII nerve?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

102
Q

What is the IX nerve?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

103
Q

What is the X nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

104
Q

What is the XII nerve?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

105
Q

What is the XI nerve?

A

Accessory nerve

106
Q

Which nerves are classified as sensory?

A

I, II, VIII

107
Q

Which nerves are classified as motor?

A

III, IV, VI, XI, XII

108
Q

Which nerves are classified as mixed?

A

V, VII, IX, X

109
Q

What is the function of the olfactory nerve (I)?

A

Sense of smell

110
Q

What is the associated impairment of the olfactory nerve (I)?

A

Anosmia

111
Q

What are the functions of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)?

A

Hearing and equilibrium

112
Q

What are the associated impairments of the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)?

A

Sensorineural deafness
Nystagmus

113
Q

What is the function of the optic nerve (II)?

A

Transmits visual signals from the retina of the eye to the brain

114
Q

What is the associated impairment of the optic nerve (II)?

A

Blindness

115
Q

What is the function of the abducens nerve (VI)?

A

Eye movement: directs the gaze laterally

116
Q

What does the abducens control?

A

The lateral recuts muscle

117
Q

What is the function of the oculomotor nerve (III)?

A

Innervation to the pupil and lens (focusing and pupil dilation), the upper eyelid, and the eye muscles that allow for visual tracking and gaze function

118
Q

What are the associated damages of the oculomotor nerve (III)?

A

Fixed and dilated pupil

119
Q

What is the function of the trochlear nerve (IV)?

A

Eye movement: direct face slightly downward and rotate the top of the eyeball toward the nose
(Compensating for head movements)

120
Q

What is the associated impairments of the trochlear nerve (IV)?

A

Double vision

121
Q

What are the 3 branches of the TRIgeminal nerve (V)?

A

Ophthalmic division (V1) sensory
Maxillary division (V2) sensory
Mandibular division (V3) mixed

122
Q

What is the function of the trigeminal nerve (V)?

A

Mastication (chewing)

123
Q

What is the largest cranial nerve?

A

The trigeminal nerve

124
Q

What is the most important sensory nerve of the face?

A

The trigeminal nerve

125
Q

What is the associated impairment of the V1 nerve?

A

Absence of blink reflex

126
Q

What is the associated impairments of V2 nerve?

A

Loss of sense of touch, pain, and temperature

127
Q

What happens when one of the V nerve divisions is damaged?

A

Results in loss of sensation from the respective region of the face

128
Q

What is the function of the facial nerve (VII)?

A

Sensory for taste

129
Q

What is the major motor nerve to the facial muscles?

A

The facial nerve (VII)

130
Q

What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve from top to bottom?

A

Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical

131
Q

What is the function of the accessory nerve (XI)?

A

Controls swallowing and the neck and shoulder muscles

132
Q

Why is it called the ‘accessory’ nerve?

A

It is not a true cranial nerve: it arises from the upper spinal cord

133
Q

What are the associated impairments of the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)?

A

Difficulty swallowing, loss of bitter and sour taste sensations

134
Q

What is the function of the hypoglossal nerve (XII)?

A

Controls tongue movements of speech, food manipulation, and swallowing

135
Q

Which nerve has the most extensive distribution of any cranial nerve?

A

The vagus nerve (X)

136
Q

What is the function of the vagus nerve (X)?

A

Controls cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, and urinary function
Swallowing, speech, regulation of viscera

137
Q

What are the associated impairments of the vagus nerve (X)?

A

Hoarness or loss of voice
Impaired swallowing
Fatal if both are cut

BIO 203 (6 decks)

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