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BIO 203 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What 3 things develop from the neural crest and neural tube?

A
  • Cells of the PNS & several non-neural cell types
  • 2 inner meninges (arachnoid and pia mater)
  • most of the PNS
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2
Q

What does the anterior end of the neural tube become?

A

The brain

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3
Q

What does the posterior end of the neural tube turn into?

A

The spinal cord

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4
Q

What does lumen from the neural tube turn into?

A

Fluid-filled space that will later be ventricles of brain and central canal of spinal cord

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5
Q

How does the embryonic brain develop complexity?

A

Through enlargements of the neural tube called vesicles

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6
Q

How many primary brain vesicles are there in a 3-4 week embryo?

A

3

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7
Q

How many secondary brain vesicles are there in a 5 week old embryo?

A

5

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8
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

A

Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions

Memory storage and processing

Conscious and subconscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

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9
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus?

A

Relay and processing center for sensory information

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10
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions and hormone production

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11
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Processing of visual and auditory data

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12
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates complex somatic motor pattern

Adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

Relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus

Subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

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14
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Relays sensory information to thalamus

Autonomic centers for regulation of visceral functions such as cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive activities

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15
Q

What are gyri?

A

The outer surface of the cerebral cortex

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16
Q

What purposes do gyri serve?

A

They seperate brain hemispheres (longitudes fissure)

Separation of brain lobes (lateral sulcus)

Divides somatic sensory cortex and motor cortex (central sulcus)

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17
Q

Explain gyrus, sulcus, and fissure

A

Gyrus (gyri) = thick fold on brain surface

Sulcus (sulci) = shallow groove between gyri

Fissure = a deep sulcus

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18
Q

What are the percentages of gray and white matter in the brain?

A

40% gray
60% white

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19
Q

Where does the color of white matter comes from?

A

From a high lipid fat content in myelin

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20
Q

What are the structures that are gray matter?

A

Cortex
Cerebral nuclei
Cell bodies
Dendrites
Synapses

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21
Q

What are cerebral nuclei?

A

Collections of neuron cell bodies in the interior of the CNS

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22
Q

What are the structures made of white matter?

A

Inner white matter
Corpus callosum
Internal capsule

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23
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Connects hemispheres of brain
Latin for “tough body”

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24
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

Projection fibers on each side of brain stem

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25
Q

What are meninges?

A

3 membranes surrounding brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

What are the functions of meninges?

A

Protection
Structural framework for arteries and veins
CSF circulation

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27
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Interconnected cavities inside the brain (4) filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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28
Q

What are the 4 ventricles?

A

Lateral x2
Third
Fourth

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29
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

Spongy mass of blood capillaries on the floor or wall of each ventricle

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30
Q

What is filtered through capillaries of the brain?

A

Blood plasma

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31
Q

What do ependymal cells modify?

A

The filtrate

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32
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Clear, colorless liquid
Fills the ventricles and canals of CNS
CSF continuously flows through the CNS

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33
Q

Where do ultimately all CSF escape through?

A

Through 3 pores that lead into subarachnoid space

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34
Q

What are dural venous sinuses?

A

Sinuses or blood channels that drain venous blood circulating from the cranial cavities

Returns deoxygenated blood from the head to the heart

35
Q

What are arachnoid granulations?

A

Structures protruding through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus

CSF penetrates its walls and mixes with blood in the sinus

36
Q

What are the 3 functions of CSF?

A

Buoyancy: allows for the brain to attain considerable size without being impairs by its own weight

Protection: forms a pad around the CNS and protects it form shock

Chemical stability: provides nutrition to surrounding tissues; helps the CNS to maintain its ionic balance; removes waste; hydrates brain tissue

37
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier (BBS) regulate?

A

Regulates what substances can get from bloodstream into tissue fluid of the brain

38
Q

The BBS is selectively permeable, but is highly permeable to what substances?

A

Water, glucose, and lipid solvable substance such as alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, or anesthetics

39
Q

What does the BBS consist of?

A

Consists of tight junctions between endothelial cells that form the capillary walls

40
Q

What must anything leaving the blood pass through?

A

Must pass through cells and not the caps between them

41
Q

What can BBS be an obstacle for?

A

For delivering medication

42
Q

What damage can trauma and inflammation do to the BBS?

A

It can allow pathogens to enter brain tissue

43
Q

What are circumventricular organs (CVOs)?

A

They are in the 3rd and 4th ventricles where the blood-brain barrier is absent, and the blood has direct access to brain neurons

44
Q

Which 2 point of entry to the brain must be guarded?

A

Capillaries of the choroid plexus

Blood capillaries throughout the brain tissue

45
Q

How are the capillaries of the blood brain choroid plexus guarded?

A

By the blood-CSF barrier
(Section of choroid plexus)

46
Q

How does the blood-CSF barrier guard the capillaries of the choroid plexus?

A

Tight junction between the ependymal cells

47
Q

How are blood capillaries throughout the brain tissue guarded?

A

By the blood-brain barrier

48
Q

What is the brainstem?

A

Structure that connects the cerebrum to the spinal cord and cerebellum

49
Q

What are the 3 regions of the brain from top to bottom?

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
50
Q

What are 3 parts of the forebrain?

A

Cerebrum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus

51
Q

What are the parts of the midbrain?

A

Just the midbrain

52
Q

What are the parts of the hindbrain?

A

Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum

53
Q

What is the function of the midbrain?

A

Eye movement, ocular, and auditory reflexes

54
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

“The bridge”
Relay sensory information between the cerebrum and the medulla (made up of nerve tracts)

55
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

Sends sensory information to the thalamus

Regulates visceral functions (breathing, heart rate, digestion)

56
Q

What are respiratory centers?

A

Clusters of specific neurons that control breathing

57
Q

Where are respiratory centers located?

A

In the pons and medulla

58
Q

Where is the cerebral aquaduct?

A

In the midbrain
It connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles together

59
Q

What is the small portion dorsal (behind) to the cerebral aquaduct?

A

The tectum (or roof plate)

60
Q

What is remainder of the midbrain made up of?

A

Cerebral peduncles

61
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles divided by and into?

A

Divided BY the substantia nigra INTO the tegmentum (posteriorly back) and crus cerebri (anteriorly front)

62
Q

What is the substantia nigra?

A

A black nucleus pigmented with melanin

63
Q

What does a motor center in the midbrain do?

A

Inhibitory signals to thalamus and basal nuclei suppressing unwanted body movement

64
Q

What does degeneration of neurons lead to?

A

Tremors of Parkinson’s disease

65
Q

What does each side on the crus cerebri contain?

A

Corticospinal (motor) tract

66
Q

Where is the ventral tegmental area (VTA) situated?

A

Adjacent to the substantia nigra (not a clear anatomical separation)

67
Q

What is the function of the VTA?

A

It provides the ventral striatum with dopamine

68
Q

What passes through the medulla?

A

All ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) fibers connecting brain and spinal cord

69
Q

What do medullary cardiovascular centers do?

A

Regulate the rate and force of heartbeats and BP

70
Q

What does the reticular formation form?

A

Forms a net-like connection of nuclei and neurons, hence its name “reticular”

71
Q

Where does the reticular formation run?

A

Runs vertically thought all levels of the brainstem and into the upper spinal cord

72
Q

What does the reticular formation coordinate?

A

Many vital functions and protective reflexes

73
Q

What the 5 functions of the reticular formation?

A

Somatic motor control

Cardiovascular & respiratory control

Pain modulation

Sleep-wake cycles and consciousness

Habituation

74
Q

How does the somatic motor control work?

A

Through reticulospinal tracts

Relays finales from eyes and ears to the cerebellum
(To integrate stimuli with motor coordination)

75
Q

What does the cardiovascular & respiratory control also include?

A

Cardiac and vasomotor centers of the medulla

76
Q

What is pain modulation the origin of?

A

Origin of the descending analgesic pathways

77
Q

How does habitation work?

A

Brain learns to ignore repetitive, inconsequential stimuli while remaining sensitive to others

78
Q

What is the cerebellum connected to?

A

Connected to the brainstem by 3 pairs of stalks (cerebellar peduncles)

79
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Helps balance
Motor coordination and locomotor ability

80
Q

What is the vermis?

A

Connects the right and left cerebellar hemispheres in the cerebellum

81
Q

What are parallel fibers?

A

Granule cell axons

82
Q

What is a purkinje cell?

A

Synapse on deep nuclei

83
Q

What does the superficial cortex of the cerebellum contain?

A

Gray matter with folds (folia)

BIO 203 (6 decks)

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