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BIO 203 > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 main functions of the spinal cord?

A
  • Conduction
  • Neural Integration
  • Locomotion
  • Reflexes
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2
Q

How does the spinal cord use conduction?

A

Nerve fibers conduct sensory and motor information up and down the spinal cord

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3
Q

How does the spinal cord use neural integration?

A

It can integrate the stretch sense action from a full bladder with cerebral input concerning the appropriate time and place to urinate and execute control of the bladder accordingly

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4
Q

How does the spinal cord use locomotion?

A

Simple repetitive muscle contractions - coordinated by groups of neurons: central pattern generators (CPGs)

E.G. put 1 foot in front of another, over and over while walking

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5
Q

What are central pattern generators (CPGs)?

A

Circuits of interneurons present within different spinal cord segments

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6
Q

What happens when central pattern generators (CPGs) are activated?

A

They produce the patterns of neural activity that underlie rhythmic motor behaviors such as walking, breathing, flying, and swimming

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7
Q

What are reflexes in the spinal cord?

A

Involuntary responses to stimuli that are vital to posture, motor coordination and protective responses to pain of injury

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8
Q

What is the filum terminate?

A

Portion of the pia mater that supports the cauda equina

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9
Q

What is the cervical enlargement for?

A

For the brachial plexus

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10
Q

What is the lumbosacral enlargement for?

A

For lumbosacral plexus

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11
Q

What is the gross structure of the spinal cord?

A

Cylindrical structure

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12
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

Opening in occipital bone for the spinal cord

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13
Q

What is the medullary cone (conus medullaris)?

A

Lower end of the spinal cord
At L1 level

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14
Q

What it the cauda equina?

A

“Horse’s tail” in Latin
Bundle of spinal nerves

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15
Q

What does the central canal contain?

A

CSF

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16
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Butterfly or “H” shaped neuron cell bodies

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17
Q

What are the 3 meninges layers from most inner to most outer?

A

Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater

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18
Q

What does the 3 layers of meninges protect?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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19
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated axons
Organized in tracts

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20
Q

Which root is sensory in a spinal nerve?

A

Posterior root of spinal nerve

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21
Q

Which root is motor in a spinal nerve?

A

Anterior root of spinal nerve

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22
Q

Why isn’t there any anterior root ganglion?

A

Somas of these neurons are in the gray matter of the spinal cord

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23
Q

What is the white matter divided into?

A

3 columns (funiculi)

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24
Q

What is the gray matter subdivided into?

A

Into regions that are referred to as horns

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25
Q

What does the lateral gray horn contain?

A

Bodies of autonomic motor neurons: these innervate cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands (sympathetic NS)

Only through T1-L2

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26
Q

What are within regions of gray matter?

A

Various functional groups of neuron cell bodies (nuclei)

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27
Q

What does the dorsal root ganglion contain?

A

Contains the cell bodies of the (1st order) sensory neurons

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28
Q

What does the ventral root allow for?

A

(Anterior root) allow motor neuron to exit the spinal cord

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29
Q

What does the dorsal root allow for?

A

(Posterior roots) allow sensory neurons axons to enter the spinal cord

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30
Q

What are tracts in the spinal cord?

A

Bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin, destination, and function

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31
Q

What are ascending tracts also known as?

A

Somatosensory pathways or systems

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32
Q

What are the 3 primary types of ascending pathways on each side of the spinal cord?

A
  • Spinothalamic (or anterolateral) pathway
  • Spinocerebellar pathway
  • Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway
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33
Q

What is it called when the origin and destination of a tract are on the same side of the body?

A

Ipsilateral

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34
Q

What is is allied when the origin and destination of a tract are on the opposite sides of the body?

A

Contralateral

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35
Q

What is the decussation?

A

The point at which some tracts cross over from left side of the body to right side, or vice versa

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36
Q

How many tracts are in the spinothalamic (or anterolateral) system?

A

2 seperate tracts

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37
Q

What is the function of the lateral tract in the spinothalamic system?

A

Temperature
Pain

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38
Q

What is the function of the anterior tract in the spinothalamic system?

A

Crude touch (non-discriminative)
Pressure

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39
Q

What is the substantia gelatinosa?

A

Synapse at the tip of the dorsal horn

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40
Q

Although the tracts are functionally different in the spinothalamic system, they run along side each other. So what are they considered?

A

They are considered as a single pathway

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41
Q

What does the fibers (tracts) do in the spinothalamic system?

A

These fibers decussate within the spinal cord (cross to the other side)

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42
Q

How many neurons are in the spinocerebellar tracts?

A

2

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43
Q

What type of sensation does the spinocerebellar tracts provide?

A

Unconscious sensation

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44
Q

What is the proprioceptive input from the Golgi tendon organism muscles, spindles, and joint capsules for?

A

For the control of posture and coordination of movements

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45
Q

What sensory modalities does the dorsal column-medial leminscus (DCML) pathway carry?

A

Fine (discriminative) touch
Proprioception (movement & joint position)

These are conscious sensation

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46
Q

What are the 2 fascicles does the DCML contain?

A

Fascilusus cuneatus
Fasciculus gracilis

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47
Q

What sensations are the fasciculus cuneatus from?

A

Sensations from upper limb and chest
(T6 and above travel here)

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48
Q

What sensation are the fasciculus gracilis from?

A

From lower limbs and lower trunk
(Below T6 travel here)

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49
Q

What is the second-order neuron of the DCML?

A

The medial lemniscus

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50
Q

Where is the medial lemniscus formed?

A

In the medulla as fibers form the posterior column nuclei cross the midline

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51
Q

Dorsal column = ____

A

Posterior funiculus (spinal cord)

52
Q

How many major groups is the spinal cord functionally divided into?

A

2

53
Q

What is the cerebral motor cortex responsible for?

A

Responsible for the voluntary (conscious) control of the musculature

54
Q

What is the corticobulbar tract?

A

Musculature of the head and neck

55
Q

What is the corticospinal tract?

A

Musculature of the limbs and trunk

56
Q

Where are pyramidal tracts originated in?

A

Cerebral motor cortex

57
Q

Where are extrapyramidal tracts (EPTs) originated in?

A

Brainstem

58
Q

What are the 2 groups of descending motor tracts in the spinal cord?

A

Pyramidal (voluntary)
Extrapyramidal (involuntary)

59
Q

What is the brainstem responsible for?

A

Responsible for the involuntary and automatic control of the musculature

60
Q

What are the 4 extrapyramidal tracts?

A

Vestibulospinal tract
Reticulospinal tract
Tectoospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract

61
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tract do?

A

Help maintain balance

62
Q

What does the reticulospinal tract do?

A

Transmission of pain signals
(Also involved in analgesic pathways)

63
Q

What does the tectospinal tract do?

A

Head-turning reflex in response to visual and auditory stimuli

64
Q

What does the rubrospinal tract do?

A

Regulation of muscle tone

65
Q

What kind of muscles do corticospinal pathways control?

A

Contralateral muscle
(Involve 2 motor neurons: lower and upper)

66
Q

What does the posterior root in a spinal nerve contain?

A

Sensory axons only

67
Q

Where are cell bodies of sensory neurons located in the posterior root?

A

The cell bodies are located in a posterior root ganglion

68
Q

How is a single anterior root (or ventral root) formed?

A

Multiple anterior rootless arise from the spinal cord and merge to form it

69
Q

What do anterior roots contain?

A

Motor axons only

70
Q

Where do motor axons in anterior roots arise from?

A

From cell bodies in the anterior and lateral horns of the spinal cord

71
Q

What does a typical peripheral nerve consist of?

A

Several axon bundles, or fascicles

72
Q

What is each fascicle in a peripheral nerve composed of?

A

Motor, sensory and sympathetic fibers

73
Q

What is fused to form a spinal nerve?

A

The dorsal and ventral nerve

74
Q

What are the 3 connective tissue layers in a spinal nerve?

A

Epineurium
Perineurium
Endoneurium

75
Q

What is the epineurium?

A

Covers peripheral nerve

76
Q

What is the perineurium?

A

Around one fascicle

77
Q

What is the endoneurium?

A

The intrafascicular connective tissue

78
Q

A spinal nerve also contains unmyelinated what?

A

Unmyelinated nerve fibers in the same fascicle

79
Q

What are the 5 nerve sections in the spinal cord from top to bottom?

A

Cervical (C1-C8)
Thoracic (T1-T12)
Lumbar (L1-L5)
Sacral (S1-S5)
Coccygeal (Co1)

80
Q

How many pairs (mixed nerves) are there in the spinal cord?

A

31

81
Q

What does each segmental region of the spinal cord innervate?

A

A specific region of the skin, muscle, or organ group

82
Q

What can damage to the spinal cord result in?

A

In partial or complete loss of function below the level of the injury

83
Q

What is a dermatome map?

A

A diagram of the cutaneous regions innervated by each spinal nerve

84
Q

What can a clinician do following a traumatic injury?

A

They can test dermatomes to determine the presence and the extent of a spinal cord lesion

85
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Areas of sensation

86
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

A branching network of intersecting nerves

87
Q

What are the 5 plexuses of the spinal cord from top to bottom?

A

Cervical plexus
Brachial plexus
Lumbar plexus
Sacral plexus
Coccygeal plexus

88
Q

What do nerves emerging from a plexus contain?

A

Contain fibers from various spinal nerves which are now carried together to some target location

89
Q

What is the sciatic nerve?

A

A combination of 5 nerve roots that exit from inside the lower lumbar and upper sacral spine (L4, L5, S1, S2, S3)

90
Q

What is the largest branch of the sacral plexus?

A

The sciatic nerve

91
Q

What does ‘Sciatica’ refer to?

A

Refers to symptoms related to compression of the sciatic nerve
- Herniated disc (disc moves out of place)
- Muscle spasm

92
Q

What can the sciatic nerve produce?

A

Pain that radiates from the lower back along the path of the sciatic nerve

93
Q

What are the 3 properties of a reflex?

A

Quick
Involuntary
Stereotyped

94
Q

What does quick mean in reflexes?

A

Involve few, if ay, interneurons and minimum synaptic delay

95
Q

What does involuntary mean in reflexes?

A

Occur without intent and are difficult to suppress

96
Q

What does stereotyped mean in reflexes?

A

Occur essentially the same way every time (automatic)

97
Q

What are visceral reflexes?

A

Involve a glandular or non-skeletal muscular response carried out in internal organs such as the heart, blood vessels, or structures of the GI tract

98
Q

What are somatic reflexes?

A

Relaxes involving the somatic nervous system innervating skeletal muscle

99
Q

What are the steps in a reflex arc?

A
  1. Stimulus activates receptor
  2. Nerve impulse travels though sensory neuron to the spinal cord (afferent fibers)
  3. Nerve impulse is processed in the integration center by interneurons
  4. Motor neuron transmits nerve impulse to effector (efferent)
  5. Effector responds to impulse from motor neuron
100
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The neural “wiring” (pathway) of a single reflex

101
Q

The simplest reflexes do not involve what?

A

Do not involve interneurons

102
Q

What is the 5th step in a reflex arc intended to do?

A

Intended to counteract or remove the original stimulus

103
Q

What is a MONOsynaptic reflex?

A

Direct communication between sensory and motor neuron

(Presence of a single chemical synapse)

104
Q

What is a POLYsynaptic reflex?

A

Interneuron(s) facilitates sensory-motor communication

105
Q

Monosynaptic reflexes have very ___ and very ___

A

Very minor synaptic delay
Very prompt reflex response

106
Q

What is a stretch (myotactic reflex) reflex?

A

Monosynaptic reflex that monitors and regulates skeletal muscle length

107
Q

What is a stretch in a muscle monitored by?

A

A stretch receptor called a muscle spindle

108
Q

What happens when a stimulus results in the stretching of a muscle?

A

The muscle reflexively contracts

109
Q

What happens in the patellar reflex?

A

The stimulus stretches the quadriceps fermoris muscle and initiates contraction of the muscle, thereby extending the knee joint

110
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

Stretch receptors embedded in skeletal muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle

111
Q

What are gamma motor neurons?

A

Innervate the muscle spindle at each end

112
Q

What are alpha motor neurons?

A

Innervate the extramural muscle fibers

113
Q

What shape are muscle spindles?

A

Fusiform (spindle shaped)

114
Q

Where do muscle spindles receive sensory innervation?

A

In the middle

115
Q

What are extrafusal muscle fibers?

A

The normal, contractile muscle fibers found in skeletal muscles

They are outside of the spindle

116
Q

What are intrafusal muscle fibers ?

A

The specialized fibers that make up the muscle spindle

117
Q

What is the golgi tendon reflex?

A

A response to excessive tension on the tendon

118
Q

The golgi tendon reflex has interneurons that do what?

A

They inhibit alpha motor neurons to the muscle: muscle relaxation

119
Q

What does the golgi tendon reflex protect the muscle from?

A

Protects the muscle from extensively heavy loads by causes the muscle to relax and drop the load

120
Q

Where are nerve ending located in the golgi tendon?

A

Within the tendons

121
Q

What happens when muscle contraction pulls on the tendon?

A

The collagen fibers come together and squeeze the nerve (sensory) endings between them

122
Q

What is the flexor (withdrawal) reflex?

A

The quick contraction of flexor muscles resulting in the withdrawal of a limb from an injurious stimulus

123
Q

Flexor ____ Extensor ____

A

Contraction

Relaxation

124
Q

How are pain receptors initiated?

A

Initiated by painful stimulus

125
Q

What happens simultaneously in the flexor reflex?

A

Antagonist (extensor) muscles are inhibited

126
Q

What is the crossed extensor reflex?

A

Extends and stiffens that limb and enables you to keep your balance

127
Q

Motor neurons will be stimulated or inhibited depending on what?

A

Depending on the muscle

BIO 203 (6 decks)

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