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BIOL21242 - Immunology > Lecture 2 - The response to Infection > Flashcards

Lecture 2 - The response to Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first stage of the immune response?

A

Awareness – recognition

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2
Q

What are the receptors of the innate immune system? [6]

A
  • Toll-like receptors
  • Mannose receptors
  • Dectin-1 receptors
  • Scavenger receptors
  • Lipids receptors
  • Complement receptors
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3
Q

What are Toll-like receptors?

A

A family of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs).

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4
Q

What do Toll-like receptors recognise?

A
  • Pathogen-associated Molecular Patterns on pathogens

- Danger associated Molecular Patterns from damaged cells

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5
Q

List five other PRRs and Damage receptors

A
  • Nucleotide binding domain-like receptors (NLR)
  • Retinoic acid inducible gene like receptors (RLR)
  • C-type lectin receptors (CLR)
  • Extracellular ATP (P2X7R)
  • HMGB-1 (RAGE)
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6
Q

What is the second stage of the immune response?

A

Immediate response: innate immune system

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7
Q

What are the cellular responses to an infection during the innate immune system? [2]

A
  • Phagocytosis

- Production of cytokines

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8
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Hormone-like molecules of the immune system

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9
Q

What are the four stages of phagocytosis? [4]

A
  • Attachment
  • Ingestion
  • Killing
  • Degradation
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10
Q

What is the function of Interleukins (IL)?

A

Many diverse functions

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11
Q

What is the function of Interferons?

A

Anti-viral

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12
Q

What is the function of Colony-stimulating factors?

A

Haematopoiesis

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13
Q

What is the function of tumor necrosis factors (TNF)?

A

Inflammation

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14
Q

What is the function of Chemokines?

A

Chemotaxis

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15
Q

List five cytokines that are released by macrophages. [5]

A
  • IL-1 beta
  • TNF-alpha
  • IL-6
  • CXCL8
  • IL-12
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16
Q

Explain what Paracrine signaling is?

A
  • Cell-to-cell signalling

- The signal is sent to neighboring cells

17
Q

Explain what Autocrine signaling is?

A

When the signal released acts on the cell that released it

18
Q

Explain what Endocrine signaling is?

A

When the hormone is released into the blood and travels to the site of action

19
Q

Where are Mast cells mainly found?

A

At many tissue barriers (skin, gut, lung etc)

20
Q

What do Mast cells do when activated?

A

Degranulate to release their contents

21
Q

What are the immediate products of mast cell degranulation? [3]

A
  • Histamine
  • Heparin
  • Various enzymes (chymase, tryptase)
22
Q

What are the delayed products of most cell degranulation? [3]

A
  • Prostaglandins
  • Leukotrienes
  • Cytokines
23
Q

What is the role of Fibrinogen?

A

To cause blood clotting

24
Q

What is the role of Haptoglobulin?

A

Binds to iron

25
Q

What is the role of C3a (cleaved from C3)? [2]

A
  • Activate mast cells

- Activate C3b (opsonin)

26
Q

What is the role of Mannis binding protein (MBP)?

A

It is an opsonin

27
Q

What is the role of C-reactive protein (CRP)?

A
  • Binds phosphoryl choline

- Acts as an opsonin

28
Q

What is an Opsonin?

A

A molecule that binds to an infectious microbe making it more susceptible to phagocytosis

29
Q

What is the role of Interferons? [2]

A
  • Binds to receptors on other cells to make them resistant to infection
  • Can also activate Macrophages and Natural Killer cells
30
Q

Name three interferons. [3]

A
  • IFN-alpha
  • IFN-beta
  • IFN-gamma
31
Q

What are the two ways that interferons can act on infections? [2]

A
  • Acts internally to protect the infected cell

- Secreted and binds to receptors on neighboring cells, triggering antiviral responses

32
Q

What is the role of Natural Killer cells?

A

To release lytic granules that kill some virus-infected cells

33
Q

Name three other cells of the innate immune system. [3]

A
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Innate Lymphoid cells
34
Q

What are the roles of Eosinophils? [2]

A
  • Anti-pathogenic

- Roles within immune cell recruitment

35
Q

What are the roles of Basophils? [2]

A
  • Anti-pathogenic

- Suppiorts generation of adaptive immunity

36
Q

What is the role of Innate Lymphoid cells?

A

Can support gut immune responses

BIOL21242 - Immunology (19 decks)

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