Lecture 15 - Immunological Memory and Vaccination Flashcards
What is immunological memory?
When a Specific antigen recognition is remembered or retained by the adaptive immune system
What is the primary response like to a infection?
Often slow and weak
What is the secondary response to an infection like?
A greater and more rapid repsonse
True or False? The secondary response has higher levels of IgG than IgM.
True
What changes are associated with the gain of adaptive immunity? []
- Expansion of clones (T-cell and B-cells)
- Enhanced migration and re-stimulation
- Survival and maintenance of clones
How are memory cells generated?
B-cells that have already undergone class switching and maturation are just saved
What features separate Naive B-cells from memory B-cells? [4]
- They are only in spleen
- They are short lived
- They have lower receptor affinity
- They have low adhesion to molecules (low ICAM-1)
What happens when T helper cells are stimulated by antigen?
- They proliferate
- The produce survival factors and cytokines
- Change surface receptor expression
- Acquire help from B-cells cytotoxic lymphocytes, and macrophages
What happens to activated CD8+ Tc cells?
- They proliferate, change surface protein expression, and secrete cytokines
- Differentiate into T killer cells
What are the two theories of memory T cell generation? [2]
- Divergent (Both effector cell and memory cell made at the same time)
- Linear (Effector cell made first then memory cell made from effector)
How are memory T-cells maintained?
Mediated by IL-15 and IL-7
True or False? Most activated T-cells are programmed to die.
True
What principle does vaccination rely on?
Immune memory
How does vaccination work?
- Introducing the infection in a dead/weakened state
- Generates antibodies, induces T-cell and B-cell memory
What to vaccines are recommended for pregnant women?
- Whooping cough
- Flu vaccine
True or False? Vaccination increases the mortality rate of infections.
False
It decreases it
What is the main problem with vaccinations?
If there is no natural immunity to an infection there is no way to make a vaccination
Chances of infection are increased due to asymptomatic […].
Carriers
List some problems that lead to inefficient vaccinations.
- Lack of understand of infection
- Pathogen antigen variability
- Lack of good lab models
- Transort, storage, and cost
- Lack of research
What is herd immunity?
A certain proportion of any population must be immune to protect the rest of the population from that pathogen
Why is herd immunity important?
It protects those that can not get vaccinated
List eight different types of vaccine. [8]
- Related less harmful infection
- Killed or inactivated pathogen
- Live attenuated pathogen
- Subunits (antigens)
- Conjugate
- Toxoid vaccine (toxins)
- Virus-like particles
- Genetic/DNA vaccine
How does Conjugate vaccination work?
Combine pathogen that doesn’t cause response with one that does
How do Virus-like particles vaccinations work?
Use particles that resemble the virus but are not infectious
