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BIOL 1101 > Lecture 2: The Cell > Flashcards

Lecture 2: The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell theory

A

• All cells come from preexisting cells [currently being proven wrong in a lab, so we can say in nature]
- all organisms are composed of cells
- cells are the smallest structural and basic unit of life
therefore a mitochondria itself is not life unless within a cell

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2
Q

DNA in prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic – one circular double strand DNA

Eukaryotic – many linear double stranded DNA
- one strand per chromosome

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3
Q

Why are eukaryotic cells larger than prokaryotic cells??

A

Surface to Volume Ratios its volume grows faster than its surface area, leading to a lower SA:V ratio.

This determines the efficiency of nutrient uptake, waste removal, and overall cellular function.

Eukaryotes also have membrane-bound organelles

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4
Q

Important components of prokaryotes

A

Cell wall: provides structural support especially from external environment
Made up of carbohydrate: peptidoglycan

Capsule: defence mechanism secretes slimy liquid to remove toxins and provide support
The ‘stickiness’ of the capsule promotes cell adhesion to surfaces, a survival advantage. In addition, the capsule protects the cell from phagocytosis.

No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

• Plasma membrane for respiration and
photosynthesis because they lack other organelles

• Flagella for movement and pili that transfer DNA and are used for cell signaling

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5
Q

Ribosome function

A

Synthesize proteins, via translation

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6
Q

Where is most of the DNA stored in prokaryotes?

A

No nuclear membrane, hence no nucleus

They have a nucleoid where circular DNA is stored

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7
Q

Diversity of Prokaryotes how do they survive in extreme environments?

A

Use variety of substances as energy and carbon sources and to synthesize almost all required organic molecules

Vastly outnumber all other types of organisms

Versatile

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8
Q

Types of Eukaryotic cells

A

1) protists: like algae are similar to plants
2) fungi: like plant cells but have chitin to compose cell wall
3) animal
4) plant

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9
Q

The function and structure of the Nucleus

A

The nucleus contains most genes
• The nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus
• Nuclear pore complex
• DNA and proteins form genetic material called chromatin
• Chromatin condenses to form discrete chromosomes
• The nucleolus is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

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10
Q

Nuclear pore complex

A

Pores allow certain molecules (proteins and RNAs) to come in and out
Highly regulated

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11
Q

Chromatin: what is it?

A

DNA and proteins form genetic material called chromatin
• Chromatin condenses to form discrete chromosomes

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12
Q

Where and what is the nucleolus

A
  • located within the nucleus
  • site of ribosomal RNA synthesis
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13
Q

Nuclear envelope

A
  • double membrane: outer and inner membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer
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14
Q

Function of ribosomes

A
  • ribosomes are used to build nuclear proteins and transport them into the nucleus
  • main function: protein synthesis via translation
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15
Q

What are ribosomes made up

A

rRNA and protein

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16
Q

Where are free ribosomes

A
  • in cytosol with no attachment to membrane
  • bound ribosomes are on the outer surface of ER or nuclear envelope
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17
Q

Endomembrane system

A

a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

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18
Q

Why can eukaryotes grow larger than prokaryotes

A

endomembrane system
- by allowing for compartmentalization of cellular functions it allows for biochemical
processes such as protein synthesis and transportation

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19
Q

what is the endomembrane system made up of

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • vesicles
  • plasma membrane
  • These internal membranes is how we transport nutrients and waste in and out
  • allow eukaryotes to grow larger
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20
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (RER vs SER)

A

Rough ER: ribosome-studded
- makes proteins that become part of the cell
- membranes or are secreted from the cell

Smooth ER:
- synthesize lipids and breaks down toxic substances
No ribosomes attached

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21
Q

Rough vs Smooth ER (based on their anatomy)

A

the RER is directly connected to nuclear envelope

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22
Q

What is the Golgi complex

A
  • flattened membranous sacs
    are indirectly connected to each other and the ER
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23
Q

Function of the Golgi complex

A
  • chemically modifies proteins made in the RER
  • by adding chemical groups to accessorize proteins that affect if it goes to different places
  • sorts finished proteins into TRANSPORT VESICLES to be secreted from cell or embedded in plasma membrane or lysosomes
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24
Q

where are the four places the Golgi could send the proteins

A

1) membrane
2) lysosome
3) golgi
4) just leaves the cell

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25
Q

vesicles from the ER and their pathway

A

1) vesicle from the ER about to fuse with the Golgi apparatus, they are here to deposit proteins to the Golgi

2) attach and fuse with the cis face (closer to ER)

3) vesicles budded (pinched off from membrane) from Golgi containing finished product

4) trans face: vesicles leave Golgi from this side for the 4 other cell locations

26
Q

what is the cisternae in the Golgi

A

membrane-bound sacs that stack to form the structure of the Golgi.

These sacs are where proteins and lipids are modified, sorted, and packaged for transport

27
Q

lysosomes

A
  • membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes (digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules) that can digest macromolecules
  • recycle the cells own organelles (if they’re too old/cant function) and macromolecules=autophagy
  • involved in phagocytosis: eating of large macromolecules
28
Q

how are ribosomes moved across from RER to GA

A
  • ribosomes are shuttled via vesicles from RER to GA
29
Q

exocytosis vs endocytosis (vesicles)

A

exocytosis:
- circle within moves towards plasma membrane
- membranes fuse (which replenishes the plasma membrane)
- contents of secretory vesicles are sent out

endocytosis:
- macromolecules collect on the outside
- moves down as membrane create a pocket and cirlce goes in
- endocytic vesicle: use plasma membrane
- usually go to lysosomes and get recycled

30
Q

plasma membrane in endocytosis and exocytosis

A

endocytosis: membranes fusing replenishes the plasma membrane

exocytosis: pocket is created by membrane
- vesicles are processed and membrane components return

31
Q

mitochondria

A
  • the site for cellular respiration
  • have their own DNA
  • make mitochondrial proteins from FREE RIBOSOMES
  • double membraned
  • cristae (folds increase SA, enhancing ATP production)
  • matrix (krebs takes place here)
32
Q

theory of endosymbiosis

A

theory that mitochondria from eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells
- since circular DNA has its own ribosomes

33
Q

how does the theory of endosymbiosis explain double membranes

A

The inner membrane is thought to be the original membrane of the engulfed prokaryote, while the outer membrane is derived from the host cell’s membrane

34
Q

the cytoskeleton

A

supportive structure
built from: microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

function:
- support and shape cells
- interacts with motor proteins=motility (movement)
-monorails for vesicle trafficking
- regular biochemical activities

35
Q

major components of cytoskeleton

A

microtubules
- thickest/largest
- made up of tubuli
- circular and stacked

filaments
- made up of diff proteins, mostly keratin

microfilament
- heavily used when cell moves
- thinnest
- make up of actin

36
Q

centrosomes and centrioles

A
  • microtubules grow out from a centrosome which (in animal cells) has a pair of bundled centrioles (perp)
  • the centrosome is a microtubule organizing centre
37
Q

motor protein

A

kinesin
- connects to cell structure such as vesicle
- holds vesicle as it walks along microtubule
- allows components of cell to move

38
Q

structure of a eukaryotic flagellum

A

(9+2 system): nine doublet microtubules surround a central pair of singlet microtubules.

microtubules: come together to form flagellum
dynein protein: motor protein
- whip-like action, same movement that a sperm cell has

39
Q

what’s a prokaryote flagellum

A

Flagella
- propeller motion

40
Q

what’s the only cell with flagellum in people

A

sperm cell

41
Q

what is the ciliary beating pattern

A

-allow things to continuously move to avoid toxins from building up
- produced from dynein motor proteins

42
Q

peroxisomes

A
  • specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane
  • converts H2O2 to water:

major metabolic process
toxic to cells and convert to water with catalase enzyme quickly

43
Q

chloroplasts

A
  • type of plastid
  • chloroplast is the site for photosynthesis
  • have own DNA
  • make protein with free ribosomes
  • double membrane
  • grana
44
Q

what is plastid

A

double-membrane organelles which are found in the cells of plants and algae

45
Q

vacuoles

A
  • food vacuoles formed via phagocytosis
  • contractile vacuoles pump excess water out of cells
  • central vacuoles hold organic compounds and water
46
Q

cell wall

A

provides: support, protection, perforated with plasmodesmatas
- allow chemicals to move between adjacent cells to allow for cellular communication

47
Q

cell adhesion molecules

A
  • glycoproteins (on surface of animal cells) embedded in plasma
  • maintain body form and function (help make tissues, etc)
  • attach and detach during development (via adhesion molecules)
  • cell recognition molecule
  • adhesion site for pathogens (may attach on glycoproteins to enter cell)
48
Q

cell junctions

A

TIGHT JUNCTIONS
- membranes of neighbouring cells ar expressed together to prevent leakage of extracellular fluid (skin cells)

ANCHORING JUNCTIONS
- fasten cells together into strong sheets (muscle cells)

GAP JUNCTIONS
provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells (cellular communication)

49
Q

extracellular matrix

A
  • allows animal cells to attach through adhesive proteins

collagen: animal cells are the only ones that can secrete collagen (broken down into gelatin)

  • important because it provides support and influence cell behaviour

network of proteins that support, regulates behavior, and communicate

50
Q

Ribosomes use what to assemble amino acids into proteins

A

mRNA

51
Q

What is the cell wall coated with in prokaryotes

A
  • polysaccharide: glycoalyx
  • loosely associated: slime layer
  • gelatinous and firmer: capsule
52
Q

Increased interlinked glycoproteins

A

Increase fluidity

53
Q

Another class of glycoproteins is called the..

A

fibronectins
- bind to receptor proteins called integrins that span the pm

54
Q

example of anchoring junction

A

desmosomes, maintain the integrity of tissues

  • intermediate filaments help anchor them
55
Q

microfilaments anchor with which junctions

A

adherens junctions

56
Q

What are the motor proteins that walk across microfilaments

A

Myosins

57
Q

What are the motor proteins that walk across microtubules

A

Dyneins and kinesins

58
Q

What are intermediate filmanets responsible for

A
  • structural support in cells/tissues

ex. they compose the network for nuclei in epithelial cells (made up of certain-filaments)

59
Q

trace the organelle pathway for proteins

A

1) nucleus
2) rough er
3) transport vesicle
4) golgi
5) secretory vesicle
6) plasma membrane

60
Q

why are cells small

A
  • volume of a cell increases to the cube of the linear dimension
61
Q

Function of pilli

A

Attaches the cell to other surfaces and other cells

62
Q

Tonoplast

A

Transport proteins in and out of vacuole

BIOL 1101 (16 decks)

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