Lecture 2 - Studying Cells Flashcards
Living Cells have a similar basic chemistry
and the information follows that DNA is the template for RNA which contains the program for making proteins
Define the Nucleus and locate
stores genetic information
Define Nuclear envelope and locate
2 membranes that is contiguous with ER
Define Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
contains most membranes of cell as tubular or flattened sacs
Define rough ER and locate
protein synthesis and has ribosomes on it
Define smooth ER and locate
lipid synthesis, detoxes, and calcium storage
Define Golgi Complex and locate
modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport
define lysosome and locate
involved in intracellular digestion of carbs, lipids, proteins, older organelles
define peroxisome and locate
breaks down fatty acids, detoxify reactive oxygen species (e.g., hydrogen peroxide),
define vesicles and locate
Transporting proteins and membranes between organelles
define flagellum/cilia and locate
both help to move cell, cilia usually are more abundant and shorter
define plasma membrane and locate
encloses all cells and separates them from the environment w/ proteins embedded in them
define mitochondria and locate
ATP production in cristae and cell signaling, double membrane (bacteria) with own genome
define chloroplast and locate
ATP by photosynthesis, double membrane
define cytoskeleton and locate
A system of protein filaments that maintains cell shape and aids in motility.
What is an electron microscopy used for and what are its limitations?
reveals the smallest organelles but requires elaborate prep, cannot view cells alive
which microscopy do you use to find proteins?
fluorescence microscopy can be seen in fixed-living cells with fluorescent molecules
how does a fluorescence microscopy work?
an electron is excited by a high energy photon then the relaxation causes the emission of a lower energy photon
What is the main limitation of transmitted light microscopy?
Cells are mostly transparent and require staining.
What type of microscopy provides the highest resolution?
Electron microscopy
how do you identify a live cell with microscopy?
use genetically encoded fluorophores
how do you identify fixed cells in electron microscopy?
use antibodies with direct or indirect labeling
Nuclear pores define
an in and out of the nucleus only
what is exocytosis
fusion of vesicle to plasma membrane
what is endocytosis?
formation of vesicles at the plasma membrane
cytoplasm
outside the nucleus
ribosomes
translates mRNA into a polypeptide chain
lipid droplets
monolayer with proteins in the membrane, inside are neutral lipids
What are the 3 cytoskeletons?
intermediate, microtubules, and actin
what are thylakoids?
interconnected membrane where ATP synthesis happens
what is the flagellar 9+2 arrangement?
microtubules in cross-sections of cilia or flagellum
