Lecture 2 (-slide 69) Flashcards
*Dipterous Insects
They have well developed anterior pair of wings. Their posterior pair is mostly rudimentary but is used by insects for ____. These small wings are called ____. Their wings are with veins and their metamorphosis is complete.
balance
halteres
what are the 3 sub orders of the order diptera
Sub-order Nematocera
Sub-order Brachycera
Sub-order Cyclorrhapha
what are the 4 family of sub order nematocera
family ceratopogonidae
family simuliidae
family psychodidae
family culicidae
*Family Culicidae
Also called ____.
Their mouthparts form a long and slender ____. Only the females suck blood while the males live off of juices of fruits and nectars
mosquitoes
proboscis
*Family Culicidae
The sex of mosquitoes can usually be identified by viewing its ____.
males have bushy or plumose females have pilose or sparsely-haired
antennae
*Family Culicidae
Mosquito eggs are laid on the surface of the water or on floating plant matter.
*type of mosquito:
____ lay their eggs singly without lateral floats. Their eggs are resistant to desiccation.
____ lay their eggs in mass that looks like a floating raft made of eggs.
____ lay their eggs singly with lateral floats
Aedes
Culex
Anopheles
*Family Culicidae
Some mosquito larvae have siphon tubes which aids in respiration.
____ and ____ have well developed siphon tubes.
____ larvae do not have siphon tubes
Aedes and Culex
Anopheles
*Family Culicidae
When the larva becomes a pupa they will have a breathing trumpet
____ pupa have long and narrow breathing trumpets.
____ pupa have a short and broad breathing trumpet.
Aedes and Culex
Anopheles
*Family Culicidae
Resting Position
____ adults rest in an acute angle to the surface.
Adults of ____ mosquitoes rest in a parallel position to the surface.
Anopheles
Aedes and Culex
*Family Culicidae
Most insects also have maxillary palps, these are sensory structures.
____ have palps are as long as their proboscis.
____ have palps shorter than their proboscis.
Anopheles
Aedes and Culex
*Family Culicidae
Life Cycle
Depending on the temperature, eggs can hatch within ____ hours into larvae or wrigglers. Larvae are aquatic, some can be algae eaters but some can be carnivores.
16 - 24 hours
*Family Culicidae
Life Cycle
Each larva molts 4 times within __ days and then becomes a pupa or tumbler. The pupa does not feed, but breathes through a trumpet. After 2 - 3 days, an imago emerges from the pupa.
7 days
*Family Culicidae
Life Cycle
24 hours after emerging, female mosquitoes will start to suck blood. Females will start to lay eggs in about a week. Males “sing” to attract females. They usually die after copulation. Mosquitoes can live for about____ days.
15 - 20 days
*Family Culicidae
Feeding Habits
____ - nocturnal, active at night time or in the dark.
____ - diurnal, active at day time.
____ - crepuscular, active during twilight.
Culex
Aedes
Anopheles
Pathogenic Effects of Mosquitoes
They can transmit:
____ - a nematode that causes Elephantiasis / lymphatic filariasis
Wuchereria bancrofti
Pathogenic Effects of Mosquitoes
They can transmit:
____ - a nematode that causes Dirofilariasis / Heartworm disease
Dirofilaria immitis
Pathogenic Effects of Mosquitoes
They can transmit:
____ - protozoans that cause Avian Malaria.
Plasmodium juxtanucleare & P. galinaceum
Pathogenic Effects of Mosquitoes
They can transmit:
____ - protozoans that cause Human Malaria.
Plasmodium malariae, P. ovale, P. falciparum & P. vivax
Pathogenic Effects of Mosquitoes
They can transmit:
____ - infection of chickens and turkeys characterized by lesions in the skin that progress to thick scabs.
Fowl pox
Pathogenic Effects of Mosquitoes
They can transmit:
____ - a viral infection that rarely causes disease, but when it does: can lead to headache, fever, CNS problems and eventually death
Japanese Encephalitis
Pathogenic Effects of Mosquitoes
They can transmit:
____ - viral infection that can cause mild disease but can manifest as a severe, flu-like illness.
Dengue
control of mosquitos (3)
physical means
chemical means
biological means
*Family Ceratopogonidae
The ____, also called nosee-ums, or punkies. Common are from the Culicoides spp. They are tiny nocturnal gnats that inflict painful bites
biting midges
*Family Ceratopogonidae
Their thorax is ____ over their head. They have ____ wings. Only females are blood suckers. They are typically weak fliers
Humped
Spotted oval wings
*Family Ceratopogonidae
Life Cycle
Eggs are usually laid on damp, marshy ground near the bodies of water. White, aquatic larvae hatch within __ days. They will feed off of tiny aquatic nematodes.
2-7 days
*Family Ceratopogonidae
Life Cycle
A larva will turn into a pupa after 4 larval stages within __ weeks on ideal conditions. The pupa will emerge into an imago within __ days.
2 weeks
2-3 days
Pathogenic Effects of Biting Midges
Their painful bites can cause intense irritation and annoyance. In large numbers, they can cause production animals to be nervous and interrupt their ____.
feeding patterns
Pathogenic Effects of Biting Midges
Animals often become ____ to the bites and can cause animals to bite, rub, or scratch those bitten areas and can cause alopecia, excoriation and thickening of the skin.
allergic
Pathogenic Effects of Biting Midges
causes
____ in Canada
____ in Australia
____ in Japan, as well as sweat / sweet itch
Culicoid Hypersensitivity
Queensland Itch
Kasen
Pathogenic Effects of Biting Midges
They can transmit:
____ - symptoms include edema of the muzzle, tongue, and coronary bands.
____ - infection usually associated with respiratory and circulatory impairment.
Bluetongue virus
African Horse Sickness virus
Pathogenic Effects of Biting Midges
They serve as intermediate host of:
____ - a filarial parasite associated with fistulous withers, poll evil, dermatitis, and uveitis in horses.
____ - protozoan causing lethal hemorrhagic disease of chickens in southeast Asia.
Onchocerca cervicalis
Leucocytozoon caulleryi
Control of Midges
____ can be sprayed to stables and trailers to kill insects that touch them. Stabling the animals at night and rugging (blanketing) them decrease exposure to bites.
Permethrin
Control of Midges
Because Culicoides are poor flyers, an ____ may be used in the stable to create air movement around the animals
electric fan
*Family Simuliidae
Also called ____ or _____ (Simulium spp.). their colors vary from black to gray to yellow to olive. These flies are diurnal.
black flies or buffalo gnats
*Family Simuliidae
They are called buffalo gnats due to their ____ thorax. They are the smallest (1-6 mm) of the blood-feeding dipterans. Only the females are blood-feeders.
humped thorax
*Family Simuliidae
The ____ of males are contiguous above the antennae while the females’ are distinctly separated.
eyes
*Family Simuliidae
Life Cycle
200 - 500 eggs are laid on stones or plants in fast and running water that hatch from __ days. Larvae are found on fast flowing, well aerated streams as they require highly oxygenated water to survive.
4 - 30 days
*Family Simuliidae
Life Cycle
A larva will molt 4-9 times in a span of ____ and then become a pupa. An imago emerges within 4-7 day
1-6 months
*Family Simuliidae
Life Cycle
Adult female feeding activity usually lasts within __ weeks to__ months. Adults may travel fly 12–18 km to find hosts; migrating windborne swarms have been known to travel ≥250 km.
2 weeks to 3 months
Pathogenic Effects of Black Flies
They usually target the ears, neck, head, and abdomen of hosts and can cause redness, itching, and wheals at the bite site. The bites are associated with ____ and lesions that take weeks to heal, in particular on teats of cows.
petechial hemorrhage
Pathogenic Effects of Black Flies
Their ____ contains a toxin which increases capillary permeability and permits the fluid from to ooze into the body cavity and tissue spaces. Reduced milk, meat, and egg production may result from less extensive attacks.
saliva
Pathogenic Effects of Black Flies
They can transmit:
____ - vesicular lesions on the mouth, ears, udder, abdomen, and coronary bands.
____ in cattle and ____ in man - filarial parasites that cause scales, crusting, ulceration, alopecia, and depigmentation.
Vesicular Stomatitis virus
Onchocerca gutturosa
Onchocerca volvulus
Pathogenic Effects of Black Flies
They serve as intermediate host of:
____ and ____ in ducks
and ____ in turkeys - protozoans that can cause problems in the RBCs, WBCs, respiration and digestion
Leucocytozoon anatis and L. simmondi
L. smithi
Control of Black Flies
Large-scale control of black flies is possible by treating breeding streams with an approved larvicide.
Streams can be treated using microbial larvicide, ____.
Bacillus thuringiensis
*Family Simuliidae
Limiting exposure of animals to areas near flowing water specially during the ____ can lower occurrence of bites from black flies
daytime
*Family Psychodidae
Also called ____, ____ or ____. They are distinct in that their body is covered with fine hairs.
This family consists of:
____ (Old World sandflies)
____ (New World sandflies)
phlebotomine sandflies, moth
flies or owl midges
Phlebotomus spp.
Lutzomyia spp.
*Family Psychodidae
These are tiny, moth-like flies with legs as long as the antennae, comprising __ segments that often have a beaded, hairy appearance.
Only the females are blood feeders and usually prefer warm-blooded animals.
16 segments
*Family Psychodidae
Sand flies are nocturnal and are ____ fliers; their flying is deterred by air currents, even slight ones. During the day, sand flies seek protection in crevices and caves, among vegetation, and within dark buildings
weak fliers
*Family Psychodidae
Life Cycle
The female sand fly will lay 30-70 eggs in a moist soil in protected areas with high humidity.
They will hatch within ____ weeks. The larvae will molt 4 times in a span of 21 days
1-2 weeks
*Family Psychodidae
Life Cycle
They will then find a dry area before entering the pupal stage. An imago will emerge from the pupa within __ days
7-14 days
Pathogenic Effects of Sand Flies
They serve as intermediate host of:
____ - protozoan parasites that causes generalized weakness, cutaneous lesions, lymphadenopathy and renal failure
Leishmania spp.
Pathogenic Effects of Sand Flies
They serve as intermediate host of:
____ - bacteria that causes Oroya Fever or Carrion’s Disease. Characterized by jaundice, liver and spleen enlargement in its acute phase and cutaneous warts / verruga peruana in its chronic phase
Bartonella bacilliformis
Control of Sand Flies
General to all our arthropod topics: removal of breeding areas will significantly lower their occurrence of infesting / transmitting diseases. And also… ____.
Since they are weak fliers, an ____ can be put in the stables/houses.
insecticides
electric fan
Control of Sand Flies
____ help to decrease sandfly population.
It is an insecticide that is gradually released to the skin, which kills any parasite that comes to direct contact with the skin
Deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars
