Lecture 1 Flashcards
is the study of the life cycle, morphology, pathogenicity, transmission, epidemiology, and control of parasites.
P A R A S I T O L O G Y
are organisms that benefit to the detriment of others.
Parasites
There is a reciprocal advantage derived from the union.
Mutualism
One symbiont benefits while the other suffers no harm.
Commensalism
One symbiont receives advantage to the detriment of others.
Parasitism
*TYPE OF PARASITES
Parasites that briefly visit their hosts to obtain nourishment but not dependent upon them for either nourishment or shelter.
Optional Occasional
*TYPE OF PARASITES
Parasites that do not permanently live on a host but depend upon them for nourishment and temporary shelter.
Obligate Occasional
*TYPE OF PARASITES
Parasitism is limited to a stage or stages in their life cycle. During this time, parasitism is obligate or continuous.
Determinate Transitory
*TYPE OF PARASITES
Could exist either a free living organism or as a parasite.
Facultative
*TYPE OF PARASITES
Parasitism extends from time of hatching of eggs on the host to the time they become adults and lay eggs on the host.
Permanent
*TYPE OF PARASITES
Parasites that cannot pass spontaneously from one host to another as they usually require longer period to develop.
Fixed
*TYPE OF PARASITES
Those that require only one host to complete their life cycles.
Monoxenous
*TYPE OF PARASITES
Those that require more than one host to complete their life cycle.
Heteroxenous
*TYPE OF PARASITES
Those that occur in organs far remote from their normal location.
Erratic
*TYPE OF PARASITES
They parasitize on the surface of the body.
The condition produced by external parasites is called infestation.
Ectoparasites
*TYPE OF PARASITES
These parasites are found in the alimentary canal, blood, muscle, and other tissues/organs inside the body of the host.
The condition caused by these parasites is called an infection.
Endoparasites
*TYPE OF HOSTS
In cases where two or more hosts are required by the parasite to develop, the ____ host is the host where the parasite becomes sexually mature.
Primary / Definitive / Final
*TYPE OF HOSTS
The other host in which the parasite undergoes juvenile or larval development. The host where asexual multiplication occurs.
Secondary / Intermediate
*TYPE OF HOSTS
Final hosts that have the infection but does not show signs of being infected.
They serve as carriers of the organisms.
also, the parasites multiply but not enough to cause a disease.
Reservoir
*TYPE OF HOSTS
Unnatural hosts in which parasites accidentally lodge and transmission is through ingestion of infected paratenic hosts.
Transport / Paratenic / Accidental
It is the interval between exposure to a pathogen (parasite) and the first appearance of clinical symptoms.
This period can also be called the incubation period.
Prepatent Period
This is the period where direct evidence of the parasite can be detected in the patient’s blood, feces, or secretions.
Patent Period
Types of transmission (4)
Mechanical Transmission
Biological Transmission
Transovarian Transmission
Phoresy / Phoresis
This Transmission can occur even to the offspring of the host? __
An example is ____, where even eggs and nymphs of ticks can also be infected.
Transovarian Transmission
babesiosis
Transmission of smaller parasites by bigger parasites.
An example of this is eggs of Dermatobia hominis (human botfly) transported by a female mosquito to a new host.
Phoresy / Phoresis
In this type of transmission, there is no change in the form of the pathogen. No developmental changes also occur while the pathogen is inside the arthropod.
Mechanical Transmission
Transmission where there is change in the physical characteristics of the parasite, and/or developmental changes occurring on the pathogen while within the arthropod.
Biological Transmission
three types of Biological Transmission
Cyclo-propagative
Cyclo-developmental
Propagative
arthron meaning
joint
podos meaning
feet
are animals whose body is divided into segments which bear jointed appendages ( legs, antennae, mouthparts, etc.).
Arthropods
It is the study of arthropods and allied insects.
E n t o m o l o g y
Classes under the Phylum Arthropoda (6)
Class Crustacea
Class Arachnida
Class Pentastomida
Class Insecta
Class Diplopoda
Class Chilopoda
*What class?
Their main body segments are cephalothorax and abdomen.
Their legs can be found on both the thoracic and abdominal segments.
are mainly aquatic.
class crustacea
*What class?
Adults have 4 pairs of legs, with 2 pairs of mouthparts.
They have no antennae or wings.
class arachnida
*What class?
Obligate parasites that usually live on the respiratory tracts of vertebrates.
Adults do not have legs, but young ones do. They have 2 pairs of hooks near their mouths.
class pentastomida
*What class?
The largest class.
Adults have 3 pairs of legs.
Their body is usually divided into: head, thorax and abdomen.
class insecta
*What class?
They have elongated, cylindrical bodies with numerous segments.
Each segment has two pairs of legs.
They have a pair of antennae.
class diplopoda
*What class?
They have a long, narrow and dorsoventrally-flattened segmented bodies.
Each segment has a pair of jointed legs. They also have a pair of antennae.
class chilopoda
what are the 3 body divisions of insects
head, thorax, abdomen
The insects’s thorax and abdomen are also segmented.
They have __ pairs pairs of legs attached to their thorax.
3 pairs
Most insects have 2 pairs of wings attached to their ____ and ____ thoracic segments.
Wings with hollow tubes produces ____. This helps in identifying species.
2nd and 3rd
veins
The surface layer of their body is called the ____. This layer is also called the exoskeleton.
The exoskeleton is quite hard, this is due to the deposition of a substance called ____.
Each segment of the insect’s body is composed of areas or walls known as ____
integument or body wall
chitin
sclerites / exoskeletal plates.
*Which sclerite
____ - Tergite / Tergum / Notum
____ - Pleurite / Pleuron
____ - Sternite / Sternum
Dorsal sclerite
Lateral sclerite
Ventral sclerite
insect mouthpart For grinding, chewing, pinching, or crushing bits of solid food.
Mandibulate
insect mouthpart For probing, sipping, piercing and sucking liquid / soft food.
Haustellate
*Insect Circulatory System
They have a single ____ which extends to the length of the body.
Insect blood consists of fluid (serum or plasma), and WBCs which are usually colorless or ____
Compared to mammalian blood, insects do not have ____.
dorsal tube / heart
greenish yellow
hemoglobin
*Insect Respiratory System
Insects have no lungs, instead they breathe through a system of tubes ____.
These extend to all parts of the body through smaller branches called ____.
They have the same purpose with RBCs, bringing in fresh oxygen and carrying out carbon dioxide.
trachea
tracheoles
Tracheal tubes have an opening on each side of the thoracic and abdominal segments called the ____.
spiracles or stigmata
*Insect Digestive System
It is composed of:
____ - ingestion, passage, food disintegration.
____ - food storage and enzyme secretion.
____ - food absorption and fecal expulsion.
Foregut or stomodeum
Midgut or mesenteron
Hindgut or proctodeum
Females Consists of ovaries, uterine tube, oviduct, vagina, and ovipositor.
Most insects have ____ or storage sac for sperm.
spermatheca
Consists of a pair of testes, vas deferens, accessory glands, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct and a penis or ____.
aedeagus
*Types of Development of Insects
Direct / Incomplete Metamorphosis
Young arthropods (nymphs) hatches from the egg and they resemble the adults save
from size and few other features.
Example: Lice and Bedbugs
Hemimetabolous Life Cycle
*Types of Development of Insects
Indirect / Complete Metamorphosis
Arthropods undergo different forms and stages (instar) before developing into adults.
Example: Mosquitoes and Flies
Each stage of this life cycle is separated by molting or ecdysis.
Young adults are called imago. It is the last stage an insect attains after its metamorphosis.
It follows the final ecdysis of immature instars.
Holometabolous Life Cycle
Types of Female Insects:
____ - lays undeveloped eggs.
____ - deposits fully developed larva.
____ - deposits pupa or larva which transforms into a pupa within a few hours.
____- can reproduce without a male.
Oviparous
Viviparous / Larviparous
Pupiparous
Parthenogenetic
Types of Larvae:
____ - their thoracic and abdominal segments have legs.
____ - no abdominal appendages, only 3 pairs of thoracic legs.
____ - no thoracic and abdominal legs. They are sometimes called maggots.
Polypod
Oligapod
Apodous
Types of Pupae:
____ - the skin of the last larval stage is cast off and the pupa remains bare or uncovered. Wings and legs are free from the body of the pupa.
____ - the skin of the larval stage may be cut off but the legs and wings are bound to the body by molting fluids.
____ - the whole body is enclosed in the last larval skin.
Exarate / Free
Obtectate
Coarctate
is the hardened skin enclosing the pupa.
Puparium
Emergence from the coarctate type of pupa is affected by a special type of organ called the ____ situated on the head of the insect.
It is a vesicular organ on the front of the head of insects that assists in rupturing the pupal case and shortly afterward shrinks away.
ptilinum
