Lecture 2 (70~) Flashcards
what is the family of sub order brachycera
Family tabanidae
*Family Tabanidae
This family includes horse flies (what is the genus?) and deer flies (what is the genus?).
They are heavy bodied, robust dipterans with powerful wings and very large eyes. They are swift fliers.
Tabanus spp.
Chrysops spp.
*Family Tabanidae
These flies are the largest in the dipteran group Only the ____ feed on vertebrate blood.
Horse flies are larger than deer flies; many horse flies are highly colored.
females
*Family Tabanidae
the eyes of Males are ____ while females are _____
holoptic
dichoptic
*Family Tabanidae
Life Cycle
Adults lay eggs under leaves overhanging bodies of water. _____ eggs can be laid in this manner.
These eggs hatch in about ___ days in ideal conditions (one week in colder weather) and drop off to the water.
100-800 eggs
2-3 days
*Family Tabanidae
Life Cycle
The larvae are aquatic and carnivorous. Reports have indicated larvae biting on people on bodies of water. The larval stage can last for ____ months with up to 6-13 larval stages.
The larva will go underground to pupate.
The pupal stage will last from __ weeks.
2-3 months
1-3 weeks
*Family Tabanidae
Life Cycle
Adults have a _____ feeding habit. Females of both species feed in the vicinity of open water and lacerate tissues and lap up the oozing blood.
They feed a number of times in multiple feeding sites before they become replete
diurnal intermittent
*Family Tabanidae
Life Cycle
These flies feed primarily on _____ which become restless. They mainly target the underside of the abdomen, the legs, or the neck and withers.
Even if the flies leave the host, blood continues to ooze from the open wound
large animals
Pathogenic Effects of Horse and Deer Flies
They can transmit:
____ - a bacterial disease characterized by sudden death, with leakage of uncoagulated blood from openings.
Anthrax
Pathogenic Effects of Horse and Deer Flies
They can transmit:
_____ - a bacterial septicemia that can cause increased RR and PR, coughing, diarrhea, ulceration, lymphadenopathy, and hepatosplenomegaly.
Tularemia
Pathogenic Effects of Horse and Deer Flies
They can transmit:
____ - a bacterial disease characterized by progressive anemia.
____ - is characterized by generalized weakness, hemorrhages on mucous membrane, epistaxis, and death
Anaplasmosis
Equine Infectious Anemia
Pathogenic Effects of Deer Flies
They serve as intermediate host of:
____ - is a nematode worm that causes skin and eye diseases as it can travel throughout subcutaneous tissues.
Loa Loa
Control of Horse and Deer Flies
Horse flies and deer flies are challenging to control. As many insecticides need ample amount of exposure to the parasites before killing them, the _____ of these flies can make them not be exposed long enough for the insecticide to have an effect
feeding habits
what are the 7 family of sub order cyclorrhapha
muscidae
glossinidae
calliphoridae
sarcophagidae
gasterophilidae
oestridae
hippoboscidae
*Family Muscidae
This Family consists of many biting and non‐biting genera, the latter commonly referred to as nuisance flies.
Major genera of veterinary importance include:
Common name?
Musca (____)
Stomoxys (____)
Haematobia (____)
Hydrotaea (____)
houseflies and related flies
stable flies
horn flies, buffalo flies
sweat and head flies
*Family Muscidae
What genus are non-sucking and non-biting flies. They have a lapping mouthpart with their labella being fleshy.
This labella is covered with pseudotrachea adapted for taking up fluids
Genus Musca
Musca species of veterinary importance:
Common name?
Musca domestica - ____
Musca autumnalis - _____
Musca sorbens - ____
Musca vetustissima - ____
Musca domestica - housefly
Musca autumnalis - face fly / autumn housefly
Musca sorbens - bazaar fly / eye seeking fly
Musca vetustissima - bush fly
Life Cycle of Houseflies
Adults lay up to ____ at a time in animal manure or any decaying or fermenting organic matter.
Batches of eggs are laid at 3–4 day intervals throughout the female fly’s life. The maggots hatch from the eggs within _____.
150 eggs
8-12 hours
Life Cycle of Houseflies
The maggots will have 3 larval stages within __ days before they pupate. They will feed on the organic matter present. An imago will emerge from the pupa in 4-5 days
5 days
Houseflies are diurnal, and after a full meal, they regurgitate back food ____).
They also deposit feces on food (_____). About 90 percent of all flies occurring in human habitations are houseflies.
(vomit drop / vomit spot
flyspecks
Pathogenic Effects of Houseflies
They can transmit:
____ - causes high fever, abdominal pain and diarrhea.
____ - signs include resp. distress, emaciation, lethargy, low-grade, fluctuating fever.
____ - causes an acute diarrheal infection
Typhoid fever
Tuberculosis
Cholera
Pathogenic Effects of Houseflies
They serve as intermediate host of:
____ - tapeworms that mainly affects fowls.
____. - a roundworm affecting horses.
Choanotaenia infundibulum & Raillietina tetragona
Habronema spp
*Family Muscidae
What species?
They are called face flies because they gather around the eyes and muzzles of production animals, particularly cattle. Their mouthparts are adapted for sponging up saliva, tears, and mucus.
They are not classified as blood feeders due to their mouthparts but they follow blood-feeding flies, disturb them during the feeding process, and then lap up the blood and body fluids that accumulate on the host’s skin.
Musca autumnalis
Pathogenic Effects of Face Flies
They can transmit:
____ - bacterial disease characterized by blepharospasm, conjunctivitis, lacrimation, and varying degrees of corneal opacity and ulceration.
Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis
Pathogenic Effects of Face Flies
They serve as intermediate host of:
____ - filarial disease that causes focal cutaneous hemorrhages (“bleeding spots”).
_____ - eyeworms of different animals causing conjunctival problems.
Parafilaria
Thelazia
Control of Houseflies
Destruction of ____. Spreading the manure thinly in the pasture. Spraying manure with insecticides. Frequent removal of manure.
breeding places
*Family Muscidae
What genus is Also called stable flies or the biting housefly.
Genus Stomoxys
Life Cycle of Stable Flies
Stable flies breed in moist, decaying organic matter. Females will lay 25-50 eggs in batches. Eggs will hatch within ____. Larvae will need ____ to become a pupa.
1-4 days
6-30 days
Life Cycle of Stable Flies
The pupal stage lasts for ____ after which, an imago will emerge. Both male and female stable flies are avid blood feeders, feeding on any warm-blooded animal. Females will need multiple blood meals before they are able to produce eggs.
6-9 days
Pathogenic Effects of Stable Flies
____ are their preferred host. They usually attack the legs and ventral abdomen and may also bite the ears. Stable flies inflict painful bites that puncture the skin and bleed freely
Horses
Pathogenic Effects of Stable Flies
They can transmit: (3)
Anthrax
Equine Infectious Anemia
Habronema
Control of Stable Flies
As usual, control of ____ will greatly reduce occurrence of this parasite. They are often hard to kill as in some hosts: they only feed once or twice, in short duration they feed on areas with less spray insecticide concentrations (underside)
breeding areas
*Family Muscidae
Genus Haematobia
Also called horn flies (____) and buffalo flies (____).
In older references, their genus is Lyperosia.
Horn flies got their name as these flies often cluster around the base of the horns of cattle.
Adult horn flies spend their entire life on their host. They are half the size of stable flies.
Haematobia irritans
Haematobia irritans exigua
*Family Muscidae
Genus Haematobia
During ____ days, horn flies cluster around the head / horns.
On ____, the flies often cluster on the shoulders, back, and sides.
On ____ parts of the day, they cluster on the ventral abdomen.
colder days
warmer days
hot parts
Life Cycle of Horn Flies
The females only leave the host when they need to lay eggs, in which they return quickly after. The female lay their eggs on fresh cow manure and they hatch in ____. Low temperatures and dry conditions delay larval development and kill the eggs.
1-2 days
Life Cycle of Horn Flies
Larvae will consume the manure to grow for ____ before they become a pupa. An imago will emerge after ____. Newly emerged flies seeking their host can travel up to 11–15 km
3-5 days
5 days
Pathogenic Effects of Horn Flies
Horn flies feed frequently (as many as __ times/day), female flies are more aggressive than males. Feeding causes pain, annoyance, and blood loss. Irritated animals also lose weight because of their less efficient use of feed
20 times/day
Pathogenic Effects of Horn Flies
They serve as intermediate host of:
____ - a filarial parasite that produces plaque-like lesions on the ventral abdomen of cattle.
Stephanofilaria stilesi
Control of Horn Flies
Whole-animal chemical sprays, dust bags or back rubbers can all be used to control horn fly populations. There are now ear tags impregnated with ____ (like those with collars)
insecticides
Control of Horn Flies
____ that can kill larvae are available. They will be ingested and then excreted by the animal along with the feces. As larvae hatch in the manure and use it as food, they will inevitably ingest the larvicide
Feed additives
*Family Muscidae
What genus is Also called the head flies or the plantation flies.
They are non-biting flies and are pests of cattle, sheep, and other production animals.
The most important species here is the H. irritans, the sheep head fly.
Genus Hydrotaea
Pathogenic Effects of Head Flies
They feed on secretions from the eyes and nose and on cellular debris. They cause irritation which leads to raw wounds or ____
In sheep, breeds with horns and without wool on the head are most severely affected
“broken heads”
Control of Head Flies
Control is difficult as they usually breed on woodlands and plantations (specialized crop farms).
The regular control measures on farms are not usually applied to them. ____ impregnated with insecticides and removal of animals from infested areas is recommended
Ear tags
*Family Glossinidae
What genus is Also called tsetse flies.
When resting, their wings are held over the abdomen like closed pairs of scissors.
Tsetse flies are narrow-bodied flies with yellow to dark brown body.
Genus Glossina
There are three main groups of Glossina:
____ - riverine species; feed primarily on reptiles and ungulates
____ - savannah and drythorn bush species; feed on large animals.
____ - rainforest species; feed on various mammals, reptiles and birds.
Glossina palpalis
Glossina morsitans
Glossina fusca
Life Cycle of Tsetse Flies
A fertilized female produces one larva at a time, retaining it within its uterus. After ____ days, the larva is deposited on loose, sandy soil, where it digs in and begins pupation within 60–90 minutes
9-10 days
Life Cycle of Tsetse Flies
The pupation period lasts ____ days, after which the adult emerges.
Both sexes of tsetse flies feed avidly on vertebrate blood approximately every 3 days.
30-35 days
Pathogenic Effects of Tsetse Flies
Although the bites of tsetse flies are very painful and cause marked irritation, their main significance is in the transmission of ____, described as nagana or sleeping sickness, respectively.
animal and human trypanosomosis
Pathogenic Effects of Tsetse Flies
Trypanosomes invade the blood, lymph, CSF, and various organs, such as the liver and spleen.
Symptoms include ____ of the abdomen and thorax, joints and genitalia, keratitis and nasal discharge. Paralysis may also occur
hyperthermia, anemia, emaciation, edema
Control of Tsetse Flies
Using ____ insecticides such as deltamethrin can effectively protect against tsetse feeding.
Fly traps as well as sterile male technique have also shown effectiveness in controlling fly populations.
Tsetse flies are attracted to ____ and ____ colors.
pyrethroid insecticides
Blue and black
*Myiasis Flies
They are dipterous insects whose larvae or maggots invade tissues and organs of man and animals. Adults are non-blood suckers
two types of myiasis flies:
____ ____.
facultative
obligate
Facultative Myiasis Flies
In normal conditions, adult flies of these genera lay their eggs in feces or in decaying animal carcasses
In facultative myiasis, the adult flies are attracted to a ____, skin lesion, or soiled hair coat
Moist wound
Facultative Myiasis Flies
A common site is the ____, where flies may be attracted to wool soaked with urine or feces. As adult female flies feed in these sites, they lay eggs, which hatch within __ hours if conditions are moist.
breech
24 hours
Facultative Myiasis Flies
Maggots can tunnel through the thinned epidermis into the subcutis.
Larvae move in the wound surface, ingesting dead cells, exudate, secretions, and debris, but not ____.
not live tissue
Facultative Myiasis Flies
Infestation of the larvae is called ____. The larvae irritate, injure, and kill successive layers of skin and produce exudates. Once established, it can spread rapidly and attract more myiasis flies.
fly strike
Facultative Myiasis Flies
What is the common name?
Musca domestica (____)
Calliphora
Lucilia
Phormia
Sarcophaga (____)
Gasterophilus (____)
Oestrus (____)
Cuterebra (____)
house flies
(3) blow flies / bottle flies
flesh flies
horse bot fly
sheep nose bot fly
rodent bot fly
Facultative Myiasis Flies
Some species can actually be useful in the medicinal field, examples are maggots of ____ and ____. They are used to treat osteomyelitis and other suppurative lesions. They eat necrotic debris which facilitates healing.
Lucilia sericata and Phormia regina
Obligate Myiasis Flies
In this type of flies, the fly larvae are ____.
They depend on the host to complete their life cycle. Without the host, obligatory parasites will die.
completely parasitic
Obligate Myiasis Flies
What common name?
Cochliomyia hominivorax
Chrysomya bezziana
Wohlfahrtia vigil (____)
Cordylobia anthropophaga (____)
Hypoderma lineatum (____)
Hypoderma bovis (____)
Dermatobia hominis (____)
(2) screw sworms
gray flesh flies
tumbu flies
northern cattle grub
common cattle grub
tropical warble fly
*Family Calliphoridae
Also known as ____
They are medium to large flies in which almost all Genus involved have a metallic sheen on their body.
Majority of them are ____ (consume dead organisms).
blow flies or bottle flies
saprophages
*Family Calliphoridae
Genus Calliphora
Also called the ____
Some species in references:
C. augur - ____
C. albifrontalis - ____
C. stygia - ____
C. vomitoria - ____
blue bottle fly / blue bot fly.
C. augur - lesser brown blowfly
C. albifrontalis - western golden haired blowfly
C. stygia - eastern golden-haired blowfly
C. vomitoria - orange-bearded blue bottle fly
*Family Calliphoridae
Genus Lucilia (Phaenicia)
Also called the green bottle fly / green bot fly. Some species in references:
L. sericata - ____ -most important myiasis fly in Great Britain.
L. cuprina - ____ -most important myiasis fly in Australia and South Africa.
L. sericata - sheep blowfly
L. cuprina - Australian sheep blowfly
*Family Calliphoridae
Genus Phormia
Also called the black bottle fly / black bot fly. Some species in references:
P. regina - ____
They have similar appearance with Protophormia terraenovae except for Phromia’s yellow / orange anterior spiracle.
P. regina - black blowfly
Life Cycle of Blowflies (Bottle Flies)
Females lay their eggs in moist and soiled hair. Eggs hatch within ____ hours. Larvae feed on scales and exudates at the surface of the skin.
12 - 24 hours
Life Cycle of Blowflies (Bottle Flies)
Larva will molt twice within __ days before dropping off the host to pupate. While in the ground, the pupa will take a week before it will emerge into an imago
2 days
*Family Calliphoridae
What genus?
Also called the screwworm.
Some species in references:
____ - The primary screwworm (feed on live tissue).
____ - The secondary screwworm (feed on necrotic tissue).
Genus Cochliomyia (Callitroga)
C. hominivorax
C. macellaria
*Family Calliphoridae
What genus?
Seen in Africa and southern Asia, Indonesia, Philippine, and New Guinea.
Some species in references:
____ - Old World screwworm
____ - oriental latrine fly
____ - hairy maggot blowfly
Genus Chrysomya
C. bezziana
C. megacephala
C. rufifacies
*Family Calliphoridae
What genus?
Also called the tumbu fly, mango fly, skin maggot fly or putzi fly.
Some species in references:
C. anthropophaga, Their name means “man eater” as lay eggs where animals/humans sleep, and clothes with sweaty smell.
Genus Cordylobia
Life Cycle of Blowflies (Screw-worm Flies)
Female flies are attracted to open wounds of humans and domestic and wild animals.
They will lay their eggs in masses of ____ at the edge of wounds or near body orifices.
150–500
Life Cycle of Blowflies (Screw-worm Flies)
The larvae will have three molting stages within 2 days after hatching. They burrow deep into the wound such that only their caudal ends are visible.
They will then need a total of ____ before they pupate
5-6 days
Life Cycle of Blowflies (Screw-worm Flies)
The pupal stage lasts ____ in tropical conditions and longer in cooler environments. The adult flies emerge later to breed, locate a new host, and continue the cycle. Adults only breed once during their lifetime
7–9 days
Pathogenic Effects of Blowflies
As the fly larvae penetrate the skin, they cause wounds to the host. The larvae form deep tunnels in the tissues and secrete ____ that digest/liquefy tissues of the host.
proteolytic enzymes
Pathogenic Effects of Blowflies
The liquefying tissues will eventually necrotize and cause ____. The smell can attract other flies to deposit eggs on the lesions
foul smells
Pathogenic Effects of Blowflies
Larval movements cause irritation which can lead to ____, reduced body weight, emaciation, and weakness.
Animals become uneasy, frequent attempts to bite affected areas, and sometimes they will wander off the flock/herd
reduced feed intake
Pathogenic Effects of Blowflies
Different classifications of blowfly strike can be used depending on where the affected body part is:
____ - back of thighs
____ - tails specially after docking
____ - penis sheath
Breech / Crutch Strike
Tail Strike
Pizzle Strike
Pathogenic Effects of Blowflies
Different classifications of blowfly strike can be used depending on where the affected body part is:
____ - deep head folds
____ - any wounded area
____ - dorsal region
Poll Strike
Wound Strike
Body Strike
Control of Blowflies
Consistent ____ of the animal drastically reduces the incidence of strike infestation.
____ removes risks of accumulation of feces and urine in the tail. Any wounds created must be disinfected and wound spray must be applied
sheering
Tail docking
Control of Blowflies
Wetting to complete saturation of susceptible areas with suitable ____ and ____ preparations. Dips, sprays and jetting of insecticide such as organophosphate is recommended
insecticidal and larvicidal
Control of Blowflies
Flystrike dressings are also available, they rapidly kill remaining maggots. It prevents restrike as the affected area dries and heals. Typical flystrike dressings contain ____.
ivermectin
*Family Sarcophagidae
What genus?
Also called the flesh fly.
Most species are of no veterinary importance as they usually breed on feces, carrion and other decomposing organic matter.
Genus Sarcophaga
*Family Sarcophagidae
Genus Sarcophaga
Some species in references:
____ - red-tailed flesh fly They have a striped thorax and checkered abdomenal pattern
S. haemorrhoidalis
*Family Sarcophagidae
What genus?
Also called the gray flesh fly.
Compared to Sarcophaga which only occasionally infests wounds, These flies are obligate parasites.
Genus Wohlfahrtia
*Family Sarcophagidae
Genus Wohlfahrtia
Some species in references:
____ Found in America
____ Found in Africa, Europe and Russia
W. vigil
W. magnifica
Life Cycle of Flesh Flies
Flesh flies are larviparous insects. They deposit larva on fresh or decomposing meat, or in wounds, sores and abscesses.
Larvae takes about ____ before they pupate. An imago will emerge from the pupa within __ days.
9 days
11-18 days
*Family Gasterophilidae
What genus?
Also called horse botflies.
Horse bots are the parasitic larvae of the Gasterophilus botflies. Bot fly larvae are extremely common in horses.
Genus Gasterophilus
*Family Gasterophilidae
Genus Gasterophilus
G. intestinalis - ____
G. nasalis - ____
G. pecorum - ____
G. haemorrhoidalis -____
G. inermis - ____
G. nigricornis - ____
G. intestinalis - common horse stomach bot
G. nasalis - throat horse bot
G. pecorum - dark-winged horse bot
G. haemorrhoidalis - nasal / lip horse bot
G. inermis - Old World horse bot
G. nigricornis - broad-bellied horse bot
Life Cycle of Horse Bot Flies
The adult botfly glues eggs onto hairs on the body of the horse. 900 eggs can be laid by a female in 24 hours. They will need __ days before they hatch. Different species will lay their eggs in different areas of the horse.
9-10 days
Life Cycle of Horse Bot Flies
Different species have different site of deposition of eggs:
____ - fetlock, forelegs, and underside of knees
____ - throat (intermandibular spaces)
____ - hooves and inanimate objects
____ - lips and cheek
____ - lips and cheek
G. intestinalis - fetlock, forelegs, and underside of knees
G. nasalis - throat (intermandibular spaces)
G. pecorum - hooves and inanimate objects
G. haemorrhoidalis - lips and cheek
G. inermis - lips and cheek
Life Cycle of Horse Bot Flies
Eggs of G. intestinalis and G. pecorum must be licked or rubbed by the host in order to hatch (response to inverse temperature).
Other species will hatch on their own. The hatched larvae will travel to the ____ and will stay there for about a month to molt to their 2nd larval stage
oral mucosa
Life Cycle of Horse Bot Flies
Larvae penetrate the mucosa though the following routes:
____ - tongue mucosa
____ - mucosa between molar teeth
____ - cheek mucosa
____ - tongue mucosa
____ - cheek mucosa
G. intestinalis - tongue mucosa
G. nasalis - mucosa between molar teeth
G. pecorum - cheek mucosa
G. haemorrhoidalis - tongue mucosa
G. inermis - cheek mucosa
Life Cycle of Horse Bot Flies
They will leave the mucosa eventually and attach to the pharynx. The larvae will then go down their preferred sites where they will molt to their ____
3rd larval stage
Life Cycle of Horse Bot Flies
Preferred site in the alimentary tract:
____ - cardiac portion of the stomach
____ - pylorus and duodenum
____ - stomach and rectum
____ - stomach and rectum
____ - pharynx, esophagus and stomach
G. intestinalis - cardiac portion of the stomach
G. nasalis - pylorus and duodenum
G. pecorum - stomach and rectum
G. haemorrhoidalis - stomach and rectum
G. inermis - pharynx, esophagus and stomach
Life Cycle of Horse Bot Flies
The 3rd larval stage will stay in the horse for about a year. They will then lose their attachment and go along with the feces, so that they can be excreted. The larva will dig on the soil and then pupate for ____ before it will emerge as an imago.
3-9 weeks
Pathogenic Effects of Horse Bot Flies
Burrowing of the first‐stage larvae in the mouth lining, tongue and gums can produce pus pockets, loosen teeth and cause loss of appetite. Larvae attached to the gastrointestinal mucosa cause ____ and ____.
inflammation and ulceration
Control of Horse Bot Flies
The most effective means of control of this parasite is to remove the eggs from the host’s coat. Gasterophilus spp. are also susceptible to ____.
ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg)
Control of Horse Bot Flies
Infection can be prevented by vigorously sponging with ____ containing an insecticide.
The warmth stimulates hatching and the insecticide kills the newly hatched larvae
warm water
*Family Gasterophilidae
What genus?
Also called ox warble flies, ox bot flies, gad flies and heel flies.
Warble means localized swelling.
They have a hairy, bee-like appearance. Adults only have rudimentary mouthparts. They do not feed as adults.
Genus Hypoderma
*Family Gasterophilidae
Genus Hypoderma
Some species in references:
____ - northern cattle
____ - common cattle
____ - reindeer
____ - sheep and goat
____ - deer
H. lineatum - northern cattle grub
H. bovis - common cattle grub
H. tarandi - reindeer
H. crossi - sheep and goat
H. diana - deer
Life Cycle of Ox Warble Flies
During sunny days, females attach their eggs on the hair of cattle, particularly on the legs and lower body regions.
____ lay their eggs singly per hair (common cattle grub).
____ lay 6-12 eggs per hair (northern cattle grub)
H. bovis
H. lineatum
Life Cycle of Ox Warble Flies
The eggs hatch in ____. The first-stage larvae travel to the base of the hair shaft and penetrate the skin. They secrete proteolytic enzymes that facilitate their movement
3–7 days
Life Cycle of Ox Warble Flies
H. lineatum larvae migrate to the submucosa of the esophageal wall, where they stay for __ months. H. bovis larvae migrate to the spinal canal, in the fats between the dura mater and the periosteum for a similar period
2–4 months
Life Cycle of Ox Warble Flies
The larvae then migrate again to the subdermal tissue of the back of the host, where they make breathing holes (central punctum) through the skin. Cysts or warbles form around the larvae, which undergo two molts (second and third stage). The warble stage lasts____
4–8 weeks
Life Cycle of Ox Warble Flies
Finally, third-stage larvae emerge through the breathing holes, drop to the ground, and pupate.
Pupation lasts ____. Life cycle of H. lineatum occurs 6–8 weeks earlier than that of H. bovis.
1-3 months
Pathogenic Effects of Ox Warble Flies
During warm days, cattle may run with their tails high when chased by female flies. This is referred to as ____ and is a strategy
to avoid female flies and their attempt to deposit eggs. Animals basically run on their heels (thus other name of this fly is heel flies)
gadding
Pathogenic Effects of Ox Warble Flies
Penetration of the skin by newly hatched larvae may produce a ____. The points of penetration are painful and inflamed, and they usually exude a yellowish serum
hypodermal rash
Pathogenic Effects of Ox Warble Flies
Affected animals may exhibit dissolved connective tissues, fat necrosis, and inflammation (fat necrosis forms greenish gelatinous tissues called ____).
Sometimes the inflammation extends to the periosteum and bone, producing a localized area of periostitis and osteomyelitis.
butcher’s jelly
Pathogenic Effects of Ox Warble Flies
H. lineatum in the submucosa of the esophagus may cause sufficient inflammation and edema to hinder ____.
Around a hundred larvae usually parasitize the host, with young ones being most affected.
swallowing
Control of Ox Warble Flies
Systemic insecticides containing ____ (doramectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, or moxidectin) in pour-on and injectable formulations can be used.
Affected animals must not be treated if larvae are already at the esophagus / spinal canal.
macrocyclic lactones
Control of Ox Warble Flies
Adverse reactions for late treatments: Death of first-stage larvae of H. lineatum in the esophagus can cause inflammation of the esophageal wall, dysphagia, drooling, and bloat.
Death of first-stage larvae of H. bovis in the spinal canal of can result in stiffness, ataxia, muscular weakness, and ____ of hindlimbs.
paralysis
*Family Oestridae
What genus?
Also called the sheep nasal bot fly, sheep nose bot fly, and head maggot fly.
Some species in references:
____ - This parasite is seen worldwide
Genus Oestrus
O. ovis
Life Cycle of Sheep Nasal Bot Flies
The female deposits larvae in and around the nostrils of sheep without landing.
Larvae will migrate into the nasal cavity; many spend at least some time in the paranasal sinuses. The larval period lasts __ months.
1–10 months
Life Cycle of Sheep Nasal Bot Flies
Larvae will then leave the nasal passages, drop to the ground, burrow down a few inches, and pupate. The pupal period lasts ___ weeks.
3–9 weeks
Pathogenic Effects of Sheep Nasal Bot Flies
Most infections are light, sheep show ____ and sneezing, and rub their noses on fixed objects.
Females laying eggs on the sheep may cause irritation and panic, leading do poor weight gain as they interrupt feeding
nasal discharge
Pathogenic Effects of Sheep Nasal Bot Flies
Larvae in the sinuses are sometimes unable to escape; they die and may gradually become calcified or lead to ____.
Occasionally the larvae may penetrate the bones of the skull and enter the brain
septic sinusitis
Pathogenic Effects of Sheep Nasal Bot Flies
If the brain is injured, clinical signs, such as a high-stepping gait and incoordination, may mimic infection caused by ____.
This condition is often referred to as false gid as it’s infection is called ____
Coenurus cerebralis
true gid
Control of Sheep Nasal Bot Flies
____ at 200 mg/kg, is highly effective against all stages of the larvae. Not included in formal references: some use pepper to induce sneezing to the sheep
Ivermectin
*Family Oestridae
What genus?
Also known as the human bot fly, tropical warble fly, and torsalo.
This parasite is most common in forest and bush regions. The adult flies do not feed
Larval stages are found in many mammalian hosts including humans.
Some species in references:
____ - This is one of the arthropods that does phoresy in their life cycle.
Genus Dermatobia
D. hominis
Life Cycle of Tropical Warble Flies
The female fly will catch an insect (usually a mosquito) and attach a batch of up to __ eggs to the underside of the insect’s abdomen or thorax.
While attached to the insect, the L1 develop within the eggs in about a week, but do not hatch until the carrier insect lands on a warm‐blooded animal to feed.
25 eggs
Life Cycle of Tropical Warble Flies
The first‐stage larvae hatch in response to the sudden temperature rise near the host’s body.
The larvae penetrate the skin and migrate to the ____, where they develop to the L3 and create breathing holes similar to Hypoderma.
subcutis
Life Cycle of Tropical Warble Flies
When mature (within 3 months), the larvae leave the host and drop to the ground, burrow, and pupate. After the pupal period lasts __ weeks. Adults only live for ____.
4–11 weeks
1-9 days
Pathogenic Effects of Tropical Warble Flies
Larval penetration of the skin is accompanied by pain and local ____, and pus gradually forms. Infested hides are condemned at slaughter, and production of milk and meat is reduced
inflammation
Pathogenic Effects of Tropical Warble Flies
It is estimated that cattle infested with D. hominis resulted in a yearly reduction in
weight of 40.6 g/larva.
They also initiate the lesion that give rise to ____ in cattle. Characterized by large, firm, subcutaneous swellings that develop rapidly
lechiguana
Control of Tropical Warble Flies
D. hominis infestations in cattle are susceptible to systemic organophosphates and macrocyclic lactones. ____ that allows immunity against the parasite are also available
Antigenic proteins
*Family Oestridae
What genus?
Also known as the rodent / rabbit bot fly.
They usually parasitize rodents and rabbits but may also attack dogs and cats.
These are large bee-like flies that do not feed or bite.
Some species in references:
C. emasculator
Genus Cuterebra
Life Cycle of Rodent Bot Flies
Females deposit eggs around the openings of animal nests, burrows, along paths of the normal hosts, on stones or vegetation. A female fly may deposit __ eggs per site and >2,000 eggs in her lifetime
5–15 eggs
Life Cycle of Rodent Bot Flies
Animals become infested as they pass through the eggs; they hatch in response to ____ from a nearby host. The newly hatched larvae are moist and stick to the fur coats.
heat
Life Cycle of Rodent Bot Flies
On the host, the larvae enter the body through the mouth or nares during grooming or, less commonly, through open wounds.
After penetration, the larvae migrate to various ____ locations on the body, where they will develop and create breathing holes.
subcutaneous
Life Cycle of Rodent Bot Flies
After 30 days, the larvae exit the skin, fall to the soil, and pupate. Adults emerge as early as __ month from the pupa
1 month
Pathogenic Effects of Rodent Bot Flies
In rodents the warble is often formed near the anus, scrotum or tail.
They can cause ____ or prevent the descent of gonads. Affected animals show matted hair and subcutaneous swelling present beneath the lesions.
parasitic castration
Pathogenic Effects of Rodent Bot Flies
Pain at the site is variable and usually associated with ____. Migration of the larvae may affect the CNS and cause violent sneezing, blindness, and abnormal mentation.
secondary infections
Control of Rodent Bot Flies
Manual removal of larva, followed by wound cleaning and supportive care is the
recommended course of treatment.
The lesion should not be ____, because this may rupture the larva and lead to a chronic foreign body reaction and secondary infection.
squeezed
*Family Hippoboscidae
What genus?
Also known as the forest fly or spider fly.
Their wings are much longer than their abdomen.
These winged keds mainly parasitize horses but can also affect other mammals and birds.
Genus Hippobosca
*Family Hippoboscidae
Genus Hippobosca
Some species in references:
____ - horse louse fly
____ - cattle louse fly
____ - dog louse fly
____ - camel fly
H. equina - horse louse fly
H. rufipes - cattle louse fly
H. longipennis - dog louse fly
H. camelina - camel fly
Life Cycle of Spider Flies
____ do not lay eggs. Instead, the eggs develop inside the uterus and are deposited at a pre-pupal stage (pupiparous). Deposited larvae complete pupation within hours and usually fall to the ground
Adult females
Life Cycle of Spider Flies
Adults emerge __ weeks later to find a host. Forest flies remain on their hosts for long periods and their preferred feeding sites are the perineum and between the hindlegs.
Both sexes of adult are blood feeders.
3 to 4 weeks
Pathogenic Effects of Spider Flies
Its bite is characterized as a nuisance and disturbance to large domestic animals.
They can act as a vector of ____ in cattle, piroplasmosis of horses, and Q fever.
They may also transmit Haemoproteus species to birds
Trypanosoma theileri
Control of Spider Flies
____ can be used to kill the parasite. Repellants can be used to limit the exposure of hosts to spider flies
Permethrin
*Family Hippoboscidae
What genus?
Also known as the sheep ked.
One of the most widely distributed and important external parasites of sheep.
Some species in references:
M. ovinus
All Melophagus are wingless.
Genus Melophagus
Life Cycle of Sheep Keds
Keds are permanent ectoparasites feeding on the blood of sheep and sometimes goats. The female gives birth to a single, fully developed larva, which adheres to the wool and pupates within 12 hours. The imago will emerge after ____
22 days
Pathogenic Effects of Sheep Keds
They usually feed on the neck, and ventral area, but not on the back where dust collect in the wool. Ked bites cause pruritus over much of the host’s body; sheep often bite, scratch, and rub themselves, thus ____.
The fleece becomes thin, ragged, and dirty
damaging the wool
Pathogenic Effects of Sheep Keds
The excrement of the keds causes a permanent brown discoloration, which decreases the wool value. Keds also cause a defect in hides called a ____.
it is a nodular condition of the skin arising in response to infestation
cockle
Control of Sheep Keds
____ removes many pupae and adults. Keds who fall from the wool will die within a week if they don’t find a new host. Dipping and spraying insecticides are also an effective method.
Shearing
*Family Hippoboscidae
What genus?
Also known as the louse fly or hippoboscid fly.
They are winged versions of the keds.
They infest many songbirds, raptors, and pigeons.
Some species in references:
____ - pigeon louse fly
Genus Pseudolynchia
P. canariensis
Life Cycle of Louse Flies
The female produces ____. After three larval instars, the larva will reached its maximum size. The louse fly gives birth to a white pre-pupa which immediately begins to darken and form the puparium or pupal shell.
one larva at a time
Life Cycle of Louse Flies
The pupa is found in host nest or on ledges where the birds roost. Adult emerges from the puparium after ____ and flies in search of a host.
Both sexes of adult are blood feeders.
23 - 30 days
Pathogenic Effects of Louse Flies
Hippoboscid flies move about quickly on their avian hosts and bite and suck blood from parts that are not well-feathered.
Pigeon flies readily attack humans who handle adult birds; the bite is said to be as painful as a bee sting, and its effects may persist for __ days
≥5 days
Pathogenic Effects of Louse Flies
They serve as intermediate host of:
_____ - a blood parasite that causes pigeon malaria which leads to anemia in squabs.
Haemoproteus columbae
Control of Louse Flies
The flies can be killed by spraying the birds with ____. Spraying the loft, when coupled with cleaning, will alleviate the infestation.
permethrin
*Family Hippoboscidae
What genus?
Also known as the deer ked.
Winged keds that, when they find a host, breaks their wings.
They have halteres, sheep keds don’t.
Some species in references:
L. cervi
Genus Lipoptena
Life Cycle of Deer Keds
Both males and females are blood feeders. Feeding lasts ____. The female is pupiparous, laying larva that pupates immediately
15 to 25 minutes
Pathogenic Effects of Deer Keds
Although their life cycle depends on deer, they may bite humans, producing responses ranging from unnoticeable to highly allergic.
Within 3 days, the bite site may develop into a hard, reddened welt.
The accompanying itch is intense and typically lasts ____.
14 to 20 days
Control of Deer Keds
Same with other keds, ____ is the key. Insect repellants are also useful to lessen exposure to deer keds.
permethrin
What is the most common species of stable flies
It has a bayonet-like, needle-sharp proboscis that protrudes forward from the head.
Stomoxys calcitrans
