Lecture 2 Resp

Question 1

bronchiole arteries come from what place of the heart

Answer 1

left ventricle

Question 2

what part of the aorta do bronchiole arteries arise

Answer 2

descending thoracic aorta

Question 3

what lung circulation system is high flow low pressure

Answer 3

pumonary (pumonary arteries proper)

Question 4

what circulation system is low flow high pressure

Answer 4

systemic (bronchiole arteries)

Question 5

bronchiole arteries deliver what type of blood to where in the lungs

Answer 5

to thicker lung tissue with non gas exchange areas

Question 6

pumonary artery has what two physical features to reduce resistance and increase compliance and distensibility

Answer 6

thinner wall, larger lumen

Question 7

main pulmonary artery and its branches have a larger diameter than systemic….true or false

Answer 7

true

Question 8

what is the normal blood volume in the lungs

Answer 8

450ml……10% of total body fluid

Question 9

right ventricle and pulmonary arteries are typically what pressure together

Answer 9

25mmhg

Question 10

pulmonary vein and left atrium average at what pressure

Answer 10

2mmhg

Question 11

pulmonary capillaries average at what pressure normally

Answer 11

7mmhg

Question 12

what two pathologies of the heart can increase normal blood volume as high as 900ml?

Answer 12

1. left sided heart failure

2. mitral valve stenosis or regurgitation

Question 13

what phenomenon occurs in blood vessels of poorly oxygenated lung areas?

Answer 13

vasoconstriction (shunting towards more useful areas of ventilation)

Question 14

What zone has no blood flow, where the alveolar pressure is higher than pulmonary pressure?

Answer 14

zone 1

Question 15

a zone 1 situation can be induced by what 3 pathologies?

Answer 15

1. severe blood loss
2. breathing against positive pressure
3. Right sided heart failure
   (also a PE)

Question 16

What type of blood flow is zone 2?

Answer 16

intermittent flow during quiet respiration

Question 17

What type of blood flow is zone 3?

Answer 17

continuous flow (typically lower down toward the bases of the lungs)

Question 18

Blood flow to lungs can increase 4-7 fold during exercise, and is achieved by what 3 mechanisms?

Answer 18

1. capillary distensibility
2. increased capillary numbers (local autoregulation opens up)
3. increase in pulmonary artery pressure

Question 19

below 8mmhg in the left atria, backup does not occur in what part of the lungs?

Answer 19

pulmonary artery pressure

Question 20

if the pressure of the left atria exceeds 8mmhg, what is the relationship between LAP and pulmonary artery pressure as well as pumonary capillary pressure?

Answer 20

is increases 1:1 (in step with each other)

Question 21

Above what Left atrial pressure (mmhg) does pulmonary edema begin to develop?

Answer 21

30mmhg

Question 22

In a person with Left sided heart failure, what could the pressure potentially rise between?

Answer 22

40-50mmHg

Question 23

Pulmonary capillaries are a low pressure system, (7mmHg), but quickly move through pulmonary capillaries…by what autoregulatoin can make that speed even faster

Answer 23

local pre-capillary sphincters opening up in the pulmonary arteries dropping resistance and increasing flow

Question 24

what is the only place we see a significant interstitial osmotic pressure in the body (14mmHg)

Answer 24

Pulmonary capillaries (due to leaky capillaries that let proteins out)

Question 25

That pulmonary interstitium maintains a net -5 to -8 mmHg at all times, what would happen if this number became positive?

Answer 25

Then fluid would accumulate in the alveoli and could rupture

Question 26

what is the main player in keeping the alveoli "dry"

Answer 26

lymphatics (net filtration +1)

Question 27

what 2 cardiac pathologies increase hydrostatic pressure that contribute to pulmonary edema?

Answer 27

1. Left sided heart failure | 2. Mitral valve disease

Question 28

what 3 pathologies concerned with the filtration coefficient (capillary level), cause damage to the pulmonary capillaries?

Answer 28

1. Inflammation 2. Infection 3. Noxious Gasses

Question 29

Diseases of what 2 organs can decrease reabsorption in pulmonary capillaries, and result in a decrease in production of plasma colloids (plasma colloid osmotic pressure)

Answer 29

1. Liver Disease (underproduction of proteins) | 2. Kidney Disease (dumping of proteins)

Question 30

is acute or chronic pulmonary edema more damaging?

Answer 30

acute (less accomodation)

Question 31

how much wiggle room "safety factor" in mmHg exists between normal pressure increases, and the pressure at which edema begins to occur acutely?

Answer 31

21mmHG (contributed by colloid differences)

Question 32

What mechanism allows chronic pulmonary edema to be subclinical?

Answer 32

lymphatics (can allow upto 40mmHg in pulmonary capillaries w/o edema)