Last quiz before final Flashcards
Why is the enteric system’s nervous system special?
Regulated intrinsically by sympathetic and parasympathetics
Do sym/parasym neurons go straight to the effector organ or synapse first in glanglions?
synapse in ganglions
Several different levels of CNS each sharing control over a single target organ is called a….
safety mechanism
What are the 4 Sympathetic receptor types….
a1,a2,b1,b2
What is the single Parasympathetic target receptor types…
Muscarinic
What is the single Somatic receptor types….
Nicotinic
But both sympathetic and parasympathetic give off what pre-synaptic neurotransmitter to what receptor type ALWAYS
Acetylcholine at Nicotinic receptor sites.
At the effector organ, what NT’s synapse w/ the sympathetic (alpha1/2, beta1/2) receptors?
Catecholamines (epi,norepi,dopa)
At the effector organ, what NT synapses w/ the parasympathetic Muscarinic receptors?
Acetylcholine
Neural crest cells (AKA Chromaffin cells) form to become what thing in the adrenals?
They become the adrenal medulla
that secrete 20% epi, 80% norepi
Alpha 1 cells are__________, while Alpha 2 cells are__________?
(options: inhibitory/ excitatory)
Excitatory, Inhibitory
Vasculature, Iris muscles, the bladder sphincter,
the GI tract, and smooth muscles in the skin
are alpha 1 or alpha 2 receptored??
Alpha 1
Platelets, adipocytes, GI tract are alpha 1 or alpha 2?
Alpha 2
SA node, AV node, ventricular muscles are Beta 1 or beta 2?B
Beta 1
Vasculature supplying skeletal muscles, bronchial walls, GI tract, bladder wall are beta 1 or beta 2?
Beta 2
Every receptor throughout the body in any system generally activates or inhibits cAMP, what is the only one receptor type that then works on IP3-CA2+?
Alpha 1 receptors
Are receptors more sensetive to epi or norepi?
epi
We know that sympathetics increase HR activity, constrict GI, decrease GI motility, dilate skeletal peripheral vessels, dilate bronchioles, relax the bladder wall, cause ejaculation, and increase sweating…which one of these is ALSO done in parasympathetic action?
Increased sweating (otherwise, parasympathetics do the opposite of all those)
TRUE or FALSE, parasympathetics have the ability to alter vascular smooth muscle
FALSE! (mediated by sympathetics only!)
she hinted at this as a quiz question
TRUE or FALSE, parasympathetics can alter renin section and/or lipolysis of fat cells?
FALSE!
Vibrations, Skin movement, Joint position, and Fine tuned pressure/touch sensation and localization comes from what afferent system?
Dorsal column system
aka Medial Lemniscus pathway
Pain, Hot/Cold, Crude touch and pressure sensation/localization, tickle/itch, and sexual sensations are all part of what afferent system?
Anterolateral System
Therefore, both Dorsal and Anterolateral tracts of the spinal cord are part of what pathway?
Sensory / Ascending / Afferent
The anterolateral tract only goes _______ the speed of the dorsal column?
a) 1/3 b) 1/5 c) same speed
a) 1/3rd
What explains the “crude” sensation of the anterolateral system?
it only has 10-20 gradations of sensetivity
How many gradations of sensetivity does the dorsal column (fine tune sensory) have?
100
You feel a vibration and it goes to the dorsal root of the your spinal cord where it splits into what two areas at the same level?
Medial (where it then goes up to the brain)
Lateral (goes into the grey matter for spinal reflex)
Are sensory fibers delivering this good vibration to the brain via large myelinated fibers or small -non-myelinated fibers?
Large myelinated fibers
First order neurons (that good vibration now ascending the dorsal column) enters what area of the CNS?
The Dorsal Medulla/Dorsal Nuclei
Second order neurons (in theory) cross over to the opposite side of the body (decussate) and ultimately end up where?
In the thalamus (thalamic sensory relay)
Third order neurons project their fibers into what?
The post-central gyrus (AKA the Homonculus)
That place in the brain where the body is stretched out over it like a sensory road map, with the big face and mouth.
The anterolateral system (carrying Temp, tickle, pain, sex) the sensory fibers always terminate where?
They terminate in the dorsal root
Once anterolateral fibers terminate in the root, they immediately synapse with a new fiber that….
a) stays on the same side and goes up
b) immediately crosses over and goes up
b) Immediately crosses over and ascends
Pain fibers from the anterolateral system enter the….
Reticular nucleus of the brainstem
Review:
without the dorsal column, if we close our eyes can we still maintain position and prioception?
No
but we can still feel pain, tickle, sex, etc
Review:
Without the anterolateral system, what can and can’t we do?
We cant feel pain/itch/hot/cold/tickle/sex
but we can still sense position and proprioception.
What is the mnemonic sentence for what the Anterolateral system controls?
Ive got a PAINFUL ITCH for HOT TICKLE SEX
hot includes hot/cold sensing
In the sensory area of the brain called the post-central gyrus, what two areas of the body take the highest priority?
The face (lips especially) and hands
Skin, viscera, muscles, and periosteum have what type of nerve endings (myelinated or unmyelinated)
unmyelinated free nerve endings
What is the NT of choice for pain communication?
Substance P
What blocks/inhibits substance P
Opioids
Fast pain fibers (group III) are fast on/fast off and are_________
a) well localized
b) poorly localized
well localized
Slow pain fibers (Group IV) are carried by C fibers and sense what perceptions?
aching, burning, throbbing that is difficult to localize
This type of pain (nociception) is felt in the area that is innervated by nerves from the SAME SPINAL CORD segment
Referred pain
all visceral pain is technically referred pain
All muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron is called a….
motor unit
the set of all motor neurons that innervate fibers within the same muscle
Motor neuron pool
The force of a muscle contraction is graded by the additional motor units from a pool….true or false?
TRUE
Muscle spindle fibers (group 1a & 2) detect…
static (1a) and dynamic changes (2) in muscle length
Golgi tendon organ fibers (1b fibers) detect…
muscle tension
Pacinian Corpuscule fibers (II fibers) detect…
Pain (they use substance P as their NT)
What are the two types of muscle spindle fibers?
nuclear bag fibers (1a) - detect changes in length
nuclear chain fibers (2) - detect static changes
(there are more chain fibers than bag fibers)
when afferent 1a spindle cells are activated during a change in muscle length, they activate what neuron up in the spinal cord?
alpha motor neurons
Gamma motor neurons are activated alongside alpha motor neurons, and how do they help during muscle contraction?
continue sensing changes in length and keeps spindle cells sensitive during contraction.
Whats happening In the “knee jerk” reflex with alpha and gamma motor neurons?
A strike on the Quadricep tendon activates the alpha motor neurons, which ends up recruiting gamma neurons, which ends up increasing sensitivity and causing even more alpha motor neurons to fire, which cause the entire Quadricep to contract, hence the knee jerk.
The golgi tendon apparatus has large and fast fibers that INHIBIT muscle contraction, why would they do that?
To keep muscles from over-contracting causing injury. It can tell the contracted muscle to relax, OR activate an antagonistic muscle.
When you touch a hot stove what do flexors and extensors do on the SAME side as the hot stove?
(options: contract/relax)
Flexors contract
Extensors relax
What you touch a hot stove what do flexors and extensors do on the OPPOSITE side as the hot stove?
Flexors relax
Extensors contract
What is the term called when we react to the hot stove automatically, but KEEP the hand retracted for some time?
Afterdischarge
prevents relaxation
The term for when a single alpha motor neuron gets input from lots of different spindle fibers?
Convergence
(allows for spatial and temporal summation)
(3D input)
The term for when multiple alpha motor neurons get a signal from a SINGLE spindle fiber?
Divergence
What are Renshaw cells?
They are motor feedback inhibitors
AKA Recurrent Inhibition, thats all i got on that
Between the premotor and primary motor areas of the anterior area of the brain, which one is responsible for “thinking” about movement?
Premotor
it sends the right info the motor cortex which sends its signal to muscles
any neural tract where the words suffix is “-spinal”, it is……
a) motor
b) sensory
motor
any neural tract where the words prefix is “spino-“, it is….
a) motor
b) sensory
sensory
“my spino sense is tingling”
Mechanoreceptors sense most things with free nerve endings, but also have what two corpuscles?
(there are other mechanoreceptors too)
Meissner’s Corpuscle & Pacinian Corpuscle
Where are Meissner’s corpuscles most commonly found?
Non-hairy areas like lips and fingertips
they sense skin movement and vibration
Where are Pacinian corpuscles most commonly found?
Deeper in the deep fascia (subq fat)
detect vibration
This mechanoreceptor is located in hair areas (attached to the base of the arrector pilli muscle)
a) Hair end organ
b) Merkels disk
c) Organs of ruffini
b) Merkel’s disk
This mechanoreceptor wraps around individual hair follicles and detects skin movement)
a) Hair end organ
b) Merkels disk
c) Organs of ruffini
a) Hair end organ
This mechanoreceptor is in deeper skin layer and joint capsules detecting deformities and degree or joint rotation
a) Hair end organ
b) Merkels disk
c) Organs of ruffini
c) Organs of Ruffini
If you get a deep tissue message which of those previously mentioned mechanoreceptors is being most stimulated?
Organs of Ruffini
What type of cells in the middle and inner ear detect vibration/position/sound?
a) Photoreceptors
b) Baroreceptors
c) Hair cells
d) Chemoreceptors
Hair cells
What type of cell detects carotid sinus and aortic arch stretch?
a) Photoreceptors
b) Baroreceptors
c) Hair cells
d) Chemoreceptors
Baroreceptors
What receptors detect light and its frequency?
a) Photoreceptors
b) Baroreceptors
c) Hair cells
d) Chemoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Olfaction/Taste receptors are what type?
a) Photoreceptors
b) Baroreceptors
c) Hair cells
d) Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
we traded the area in our brain of smell for better speech
The carotid body receptors respond to what internal chemicals?
C02, Hydrogen, O2
All sensory receptors typically open up there ion channels to allow inward flow of ions except which receptor type?
a) Photoreceptors
b) Baroreceptors
c) Hair cells
d) Chemoreceptors
Photoreceptors
photoreceptors are hyperpolarized
TRUE OR FALSE, all receptor cells use action potential to generate an impulse
False
When the stimulus continues, but the receptor no longer communicates that fact to the nervous system this is called?
Adaptation
Muscle spindles, Organs of Ruffini, Merkels disk, and Slow pain receptors are all slow or fast ADAPTERS to a stimulus?
SLOW
M.O.M.S. are slow
Pacinian Corpuscle, and Hair End Organs
are all slow or fast ADAPTERS to a stimulus?
FAST
PH is fast
This neuron receives signals and carries it to the CNS. Cell bodies live in the Dorsal root ganglion.
a) First order neurons
b) Second order neurons
c) Third order neurons
d) Fourth order neurons
a) First order neurons
This neuron is located in the brain stem/spinal cord. Recieves stimulus and transmits it to the thalamus
a) First order neurons
b) Second order neurons
c) Third order neurons
d) Fourth order neurons
b ) Second order neurons
This neuron is located in relay nuclei of thalamus. Conveys information to the cerebral cortex (homonculus)
a) First order neurons
b) Second order neurons
c) Third order neurons
d) Fourth order neurons
c) Third order neurons
Located in the sensory area of the cerebral cortex (homonculus)
Responsible for conscious perception of stimuli
a) First order neurons
b) Second order neurons
c) Third order neurons
d) Fourth order neurons
d) Fourth order neurons
3rd order neurons go to the post-central gyrus (homonculus), and neurons IN the gyrus are 4th order.
Light focusing normally on the retina
a) Hypertropia
b) Myopia
c) Presbyopia
d) Emmetropia
e) Astigmatism
d) Emmetropia
Light focused behind the retina (blurry) usually corrected with convex (reading) glasses. Eyeball length front to back is too short.
a) Hypertropia
b) Myopia
c) Presbyopia
d) Emmetropia
e) Astigmatism
a) Hypertropia
Loss of accomodation power, where the lens can no long adapt to images too close to the eye.
a) Hypertropia
b) Myopia
c) Presbyopia
d) Emmetropia
e) Astigmatism
c) Presbyopia
The focal distance of the eye is different in different planes (corrected with cylindrical lenses)
a) Hypertropia
b) Myopia
c) Presbyopia
d) Emmetropia
e) Astigmatism
e) Astigmatism
Light focuses in front of the retina causing nearsightedness
a) Hypertropia
b) Myopia
c) Presbyopia
d) Emmetropia
e) Astigmatism
b) Myopia
Opposite of hypertropia.
MCC: Increased front-to-back length of the eyeball itself
What layer of the 10 layers of the retina does light first hit in the back of the eye?
Inner limiting membrane
see slide 4 of special senses for picture
What layer of the 10 are the rods and cones located?
Layer 9 (very deep) (pigment layer is 10)
In color blindness, which is the rarest color to ever be lost? Green, blue, or red?
Blue Cones (is the oldest, has the highest sensetivity, has a wierd "boosting" mechanism so it doesnt die out)
What vitamin is essential for vision?
Vitamin A
Between Blue, Green, and Red, which is the most abundant in the retina?
Red cones (65%)
Green (33%)
Blue (2%)
Which cell layer is involved in coverting 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal?
The pigmented layer
Cones have what…..
a) low acuity & high sensetivity, or
b) high acuity & low sensetivity
b) high acuity and low sensetivity
Rods have…
a) low acuity & high sensetivity
b) high acuity & low sensetivity
a) low acuity & high sensetivity
What cell types reduce visual “noise”
Horizontal cells
Neurons in which layer of the retina exit and form the optic nerve?
Layer 3, Ganglion cells
What major chemical is broken down to desensetive your eyes to bright light?
Rhodopsin
What is the process where light converts 11-cis-retinal in Rhodopsin to all-trans-retinal?
Photoisomerization
In darkness what chemical builds up layers and layers of slices that increase sensitivity to low light?
Rhodopsin
via synthesis of CGMP in cones and rods
In darkness, retinal cells are _____________, while in the light, they are _____________
(options: hyperpolarized or depolarized)
In darkness, retinal cells are depolarized, while in the light, they are hyperpolarized.
(light destroys cGMP’s ability to keep Ca2+ and Na+ channels open (influx))
Where is the lesion if a vision loss occurs on the same side of both eyes, AND central vision is still intact?
Pimary visual cortex (distal area of the optic radiation)
Where is the lesion if you see a quadrantic defect?
In the “optic radiation” (more proximal part)
Where is the lesion if you see bitemporal hemianopsia?
Optic chiasm
Which inner ear labyrinth….. scala vestibuli, scala media, or scala tympani contains ENDOlymph, while the rest contain PERIlymph?
Scala Media = endolymph
the rest are perilymph
Which fluid is high in Na+? Endo or perilymph
Perilymph
Which fluid is high in K+? Endo or perilymph
Endolymph
pOtassium and endOlymph
The Organ or Corti is in the Scala Media labyrinth. (endolymph, high in K+),
Inner hair cells are single file and only a few
Outer hair cells are in parallel rows, and many
both are what type of cells?
Ciliated cells
They are embedded in the Tectorial membrane that keeps them put. And from that membrane synapse with the auditory nerve.
When sound strikes the organ of cort and causes vibration, what happens with K+ to cause depolarization?
The hairs are bent
oscillating membrane potential
Visual pathway uses….
lateral or medial geniculate nucleus
superior or inferior colliculus
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Superior colliculus
(auditory pathway is exactly opposite)
What is meant by tonotopic auditory transduction?
sounds near you are transmitted to closer fibers in the ear.
whatever that means
What organ helps us stabilize images and proprioception?
Vestibular system
What detects angular acceleration?
a) the 3 semilunar canals
b) utricle
c) saccule
d) utricle & saccule
A) The 3 semilunar canals
What detects linear acceleration?
a) The 3 semilunar canals
b) utricle
c) saccule
d) utricle & saccule
D) Utricle and Saccule
The vestibular system contains endolymph or perilymph?
Endolymph…just like Scala Media
When you move your head quick, the Cupula hair bends because the speed at which the hair bends is faster than the speed of the endolymph. Therefore…when they bend TOWARD the Kinocilium…
a) depolarization occurs, or
b) hyperpolarziation occurs
a) Depolarization
bending away from the Kinocilium would hyperpolarize.
Once up to speed, everything equalizes and you dont get car sick. But if you abruptly stop, will stimulation occur?
yes
Nystagmus occurs in which direction relative to the direction of rotation? (same or opposite)
same direction
Post-rotational Nystagmus occurs in which direction relative to the direction of rotation?
In the opposite direction
TRUE or FALSE, Olfactory neurons are the ONLY neurons capable of significant replacement capacity?
TRUE
While CN1 detects odors, CN5 also innervates the olfactory and only detects what?
irritants
like ammonia and pain
The second order neurons of the olfactory nerve are called something different, they are….
Mitral cells
