Lecture 1 resp

Question 1

4 major aspects of resp. system

Answer 1

ventilation, gas xchange, blood xport, regulation of respiration

Question 2

what % of energy is expended in quiet inspiration

Answer 2

3-5%

Question 3

4 muscles of forceful inspiration

Answer 3

scalene, sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, external intercostals

Question 4

2 muscles of forceful expiration

Answer 4

rectus abdominis, internal intercostals

Question 5

all avleoli has elastic recoil force, is this force stronger or weaker in larger alveoli’s

Answer 5

weaker

Question 6

emphysema has stronger or weaker recoil

Answer 6

weaker (larger barrel chested alveoli)

Question 7

what provides negative pleural pressure

Answer 7

lymphatic pumping

Question 8

inspiration decreases pressure from -5 to what?

Answer 8

-7.5 cm water

Question 9

on inspiration, alveolar pressure momentarily increases or deceases

Answer 9

decreases (slightly below atmospheric)

Question 10

on expiration, alveolar pressure momentarily increases or decreases

Answer 10

increases (slightly above atmospheric)

Question 11

alveolar volume increases enough to let how much in liters or air to enter

Answer 11

.5Liter

Question 12

alveolar pressure increases or decreases in how many cm/h20

Answer 12

+/- 1cm H20

Question 13

The pressure difference between alveolar and pleural pressure is called?

Answer 13

transpulmonary pressure

Question 14

when is transpulmonary pressure the biggest/highest difference?

Answer 14

at the end of inspiration

Question 15

Lung volume per 1cm/H20 in transpulmonary pressure is called

Answer 15

Compliance

Question 16

1cm change in transpulmonary pressure allows for how much change in lung volume compliance

Answer 16

110ml, would be higher if the lungs were in a backpack w/o resistance

Question 17

what is the biggest limitation to compliance

Answer 17

the presence of the chest wall

Question 18

what are the 2 main forces in elastic alveolar recoil?

Answer 18

elastic force (elastin/collagen) and surface tension

Question 19

elastin and collagen account for what fraction of total elastic recoil of the lungs

Answer 19

1/3rd

Question 20

what molecular phenomenon keeps h20 together to force surface tension in the lungs

Answer 20

polarity of h20 molecules

Question 21

what fraction does surface tension contribute to total elastic recoil of the lungs

Answer 21

2/3rd

Question 22

Surfactant (a mix of phospholipids, proteins, and calcium ions), increases or decreases surface tension in the lungs?

Answer 22

decreases

Question 23

what is the chemical name for surfactant?

Answer 23

Phosphatidylcholine

Question 24

small babies have less surfactant, what can happen to their lungs

Answer 24

collapse, with strong recoil

Question 25

smaller the alveolar radius, the stronger the recoil forces....true or false

Answer 25

true

Question 26

volume inspired with each breath in quiet respiration

Answer 26

Tidal volume

Question 27

volume that can be inspired with full force above normal tidal volume

Answer 27

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 28

volume that can be forcefully expired with full force after end of normal expiratory capacity

Answer 28

expiratory reserve volume

Question 29

from the bottom of quiet inspiration to the top of total inspiratory volume

Answer 29

inspiratory capacity

Question 30

from the bottom of forced expiration to the top of the forced inspiration

Answer 30

vital capacity (9 times more than normal tidal volume)

Question 31

volume of lungs at the end of forceful expiration

Answer 31

residual volume

Question 32

from the top of forced inspiration to bottom of residual volume

Answer 32

total lung capacity

Question 33

volume of air in URT that does not participate in respiration (nose to non-terminal bronchioles)

Answer 33

dead space (usually 150ml)

Question 34

formula for person to normally ventilate about 6L/minute of air

Answer 34

tidal volume of 1 breath x RR | 500ml/breath x 12 RR

Question 35

Term for volume participating in gas exchange in one minute

Answer 35

Alveolar ventilation rate | (tidal volume - dead space) x RR

Question 36

the nose ("climate control"), has what 3 functions

Answer 36

1. Warms 2. Humidifies 3. Filters

Question 37

almost no particles larger than how many micrometers reach trachea

Answer 37

6 micrometers | 1-5 settle in terminal bronchioles

Question 38

what airway structure is the most responsible for resistance in quiet respiration

Answer 38

Bronchi

Question 39

from bronchi to bronchioles, we loose the cartilaginous rings and gain what?

Answer 39

smooth muscle and branching that drop the resistance significantly

Question 40

introduction of smooth muscle to the airway can introduce what 3 main pathologies

Answer 40

1. Edema to mucous membranes 2. Muscous plugs 3. Constriction/dilation

Question 41

Anaphylaxis produces inability to do what effectively in respiration

Answer 41

expiration

Question 42

sympathetic stimulation (sensetive to epi), do what to the airway

Answer 42

airway dilation

Question 43

parasympathetic stimulation to airway smooth muscle causes constriction by what neurotransmitter?

Answer 43

acetylcholine

Question 44

every drug anatagonistic to acetylcholine receptors will prevent what function in the bronchioles

Answer 44

dilation

Question 45

in both cough and sneeze reflex, how many liters are inhaled rapidly

Answer 45

2.5liters | 5 times more than tidal volume

Question 46

Why does the epiglottis close at the end of inspiration

Answer 46

to build up lung pressure, to allow something to be expelled on rapid forced expiration

Question 47

In a sneeze, what additional physical phenomenon occurs to make the air push out of the nose

Answer 47

Uvula depression

Question 48

Past what point in the airway will a FB not illicit a cough reflex

Answer 48

Carina