Lecture 2 Quizlet cards Flashcards
1
Q
wolff’s law states that ___________ will adapt based on stress or demands placed on them
A
bones
2
Q
what are the 3 structure types of joints?
A
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
3
Q
what are the 3 movement types of joints?
A
- synarthrosis
- amphiarthrosis
- diarthrosis
4
Q
fibrous joints are synarthrosis joints meaning they have what sort of movement?
A
little or no
5
Q
which type of fibrous joint is where bone edges interlock one another (ex: frontal & parietal bones of skull early in life)?
A
suture
6
Q
which type of fibrous joint is a ‘peg in a hole’ (ex: tooth & mandible or maxilla)?
A
gomphosis
7
Q
which type of fibrous joint is joined by interosseous ligament (ex: radius & ulna, tibia & fibula)?
A
syndesmosis
8
Q
which types of cartilage are involved in cartilaginous joints?
A
- fibrocartilage
- hyaline
9
Q
cartilaginous joints are _____________ meaning they allow for some movement
A
amphiarthrosis
10
Q
which type of cartilaginous joint is directly joined by fibrocartilage (discs or pads) & covered w/ hyaline cartilage (ex: intervertebral joints, symphysis pubis)?
A
symphysis
11
Q
which type of cartilaginous joint is connected by hyaline cartilage (ex: first 7 ribs to sternum, epiphyseal growth plates near ends of long bones)?
A
synchondrosis
12
Q
synovial joints have no connective tissue directly uniting bony surfaces therefore it is ____________ (free to move, ex: elbow & knee)
A
diarthrosis
13
Q
what provides passive & active stabilization to synovial joints?
A
- passive: capsule & ligament
- active: muscles
14
Q
what lines the inner part of the fibrous capsule?
A
synovial membrane
15
Q
what are articular surfaces covered by?
A
hyaline cartilage
16
Q
what does the fibrous capsule enclose?
A
joint cavity
17
Q
which layer of the joint capsule provides lubrication, vascularization, & nutrition to cartilage?
A
inner synovial
18
Q
which layer of the joint capsule is dense irregular connective tissue w/ varying thickness, poor vascularity, & good innervation?
A
outer fibrous
19
Q
synovial joints have sensory nerve fibers to provide position sense (__________) & need active muscular support
A
proprioception
20
Q
which type of receptor responds to stretch usually at extremes of extension?
A
ruffini
21
Q
which type of receptor responds to compression or changes in hydrostatic pressure & joint movement?
A
pacini
22
Q
which type of receptor responds to pressure & forceful joint motion into extremes of motion?
A
golgi, golgi-mazzoni
23
Q
which type of receptor responds to non-noxious & noxious mech stress or biomech stress?
A
unmyelinated free nerve endings
24
Q
synovial fluid covers the __________ ___________ membrane & appears as a clear/pale-yellow viscous fluid
A
inner synovial
25
which component of synovial fluid contributes to viscosity of fluid & essential for lubrication & is in synovial folds?
hyaluronate
26
which component of synovial fluid contributes to cartilage on cartilage lubrication?
lubricin
27
where does exchange of vasculature & diffusion of waste products & nutrients occur?
synovial fluid
28
T/F: volume of synovial fluid increases w/ injured joint
T
29
which associated structure of synovial joints improve joint congruence, absorb compressive joint forces, & increase joint stability?
menisci, labrums, discs
30
which associated structure of synovial joints align joint surfaces & guide or restrain motion?
ligaments
31
which associated structure of synovial joints transmit forces developed by muscles for motion & provide active joint stabilization?
tendon
32
which associated structure of synovial joints are connective tissue sacs that can be found b/t structures moving in tight approximation?
bursae
33
what type of synovial joint is hinge joint? give an example
- uniaxial
- humeroulnar
34
what type of synovial joint is pivot joint? give an example
- pivot
- proximal radioulnar
35
what type of synovial joint is condyloid joint? give an example
- biaxial
- radiocarpal
36
what type of synovial joint is saddle joint? give an example
- biaxial
- first CMC
37
what type of synovial joint is plane joint? give an example
- triaxial
- intercarpal
38
what type of synovial joint is ball-and-socket joint? give an example
- triaxial
- hip
39
what is the difference bt osteokinematics & arthrokinematics?
- osteo: movement of bones
- arthro: movement of joint surfaces
40
which type of kinematics is described by plane of movement, axis of motion, & direction of movement?
osteokinematics
41
which 2 arthrokinematics often occur together?
roll & slide/glide
42
which type of chain is where movement (& immobilization) can take place @ 1 joint w/o causing motion @ another joint?
open
43
which type of chain is where often movement (& immobilization) @ 1 joint is accompanied by motion @ another joint?
closed
44
if convex bone moves on __________, roll & glide occur in opp directions
concave
45
if ___________ bone moves on convex, roll & glide occur in same direction
concave
46
close-packed can be found at which type of ROM whereas loose-packed is usually mid-position?
extreme
47
at which position is there maximal open packed position?
rest
48
which type of packed allows for spin, roll, & glide?
loose
49
which type of motions are close-packed w/ the hip?
- flexion
- abduction
- ER
50
which type of end-feel is limited by approx of soft-tissues? give an example
- soft
- elbow flexion
51
which type of end-feel is limited by capsuloligamentous structures? give an example
- firm
- knee extension
52
hard end-feel is limited by ___________ such as in elbow extension
bone
53
what are the 3 different types of fibroblasts (will mature to become -cytes)?
- chondroblasts
- tenoblasts
- osteoblasts
54
what makes up the fibrillar component of extracellular matrix?
- collagen
- elastin
55
which type of collagen makes up 90% of collagen in body as it has the most tension?
1
56
out of type 2 & 3, which one is compression & which is tension?
2: compression
3: tension
57
__________ can deform & return to original state (ex: ligamentum nuchae)
elastin
58
what makes up the interfibrillar component of extracellular matrix?
- proteoglycans
- glycosaminoglycans
59
proteoglycans & glycosaminoglycans attract __________ to increase rigidity of extracellular matrix to withstand compressive forces
water
60
how do collagen fibers run in ligaments compared to tendons?
- ligaments: in all directions
- tendons: straighter
61
tendons attach to muscle @ ___________ junction which is weakened w/ decreased loading
myotendinous
62
which type of cartilage is mostly type 2? which is mostly type 1?
- 2: hyaline
- 1: fibro
63
which type of cartilage is found on joint surfaces to resist compressive forces, receive nourishment via imbition, & is avascular?
hyaline
64
which type of cartilage resists compressive & tensile forces & has limited vascularity peripherally?
fibro
65
which type of bone is the inner layer that responds to stresses?
cancellous (spongy)
66
which type of bone is the outer layer?
cortical (compact)
67
what is the term for fibrous membrane that covers bone surface?
periosteum
68
which type of material displays the same mech behavior no matter the direction of force applied?
isotropic
69
which type of material behaves diff depending on size & direction of applied force?
anisotropic
70
which region is where laxity in tissue straightens?
toe
71
____________ region returns to original shape & size after being deformed
elastic
72
which point is the point of no return?
yield
73
which region is where residual deformation will be permanent?
plastic
74
___________ point is tear of break
failure
75
what is the order of deformation of tissues?
toe region --> elastic region --> yield point --> plastic region --> ultimate failure point
76
what is the term for load (force) per unit area that develops on a plane surface within a structure in response to externally applied loads?
stress
77
what is the term for deformation in response to an externally applied load?
strain
78
what are the formulas for stress & strain?
- stress: F/A
- strain: (L2-L1)/L1
79
which types of stress are involved in bending strain?
tensile & compressive w/ longitudinal load
80
which type of stiffness has little deformation before failure?
brittle
81
which type of stiffness has great deformation before failure?
ductile
82
for a ligament, what % of strain is toe & elastic region?
- toe: 1-2
- elastic: 4
83
which region is where ligament faces grade I & II ligament sprains?
plastic
84
describe tensile & shear stress
- tensile: same line but going apart
- shear: parallel but opposite directions
85
what happens in ligament macrofailure?
rupture or avulsion
86
what is the measurement of structure's ability to withstand changes in length (tensile & compressive forces or longitudinal stress divided by strain)?
young's modulus
87
what is the term for resistance to flow (as a fluid property) that's dependent on time, rate, & history of loading?
viscosity
88
T/F: viscosity increases as temp rises
F
89
T/F: elasticity deformation is directly proportional to applied forces/loads as well as temperature
F
90
what is the term for when tissue deformation gradually continues if force is maintained?
creep
91
what is the term for when as a tissue is stretched to a fixed length, less force is required to maintain that length overtime?
stress-relaxation
92
what is the term for when tissue response varies based on load speed?
strain-rate sensitivity
93
in strain-rate sensitivity, if the load is applied ___________, the tissue is stiffer meaning a larger force is required to deform tissue
rapidly
94
which tissue can fail by single load that exceeds ultimate strength or can fail after repeated applications of a lower load (stress fracture)?
bone
95
which tissue exhibits creep w/ loading, have increased thickness & strength w/ intermittent tension, & are most vulnerable at junctions?
tendon
96
ligaments are similar to tendons but are ___________ resistant to tensile stress & are better w/ multiple directions
less
97
immobilization or stress deprivation changes occur within ___ weeks w/ recovery up to 18 mos or longer
8
98
what are the contractile proteins that each myofibril have to contract?
- actin
- myosin
99
which structural protein maintains position of myosin during contraction?
titin
100
what links together actin?
z-discs
101
describe the cross-bridge interaction
action potential --> Ca2+ --> troponin where actin becomes free & myosin binds w/ actin
102
what is the term for the alpha motor neuron & all the muscle fibers it innervates?
motor unit
103
active muscle tension is affected by __________ of axon innervating motor unit
diameter
104
which type of muscle fiber is slow oxidative & provides stability, postural, & is tonic? give an example
1 (soleus)
105
T/F: type 2 muscles fatigue more easily but produces more force
T
106
which type of muscle fiber provides mobility & is phasic? give an example
2 (gastroc)
107
which type of type II muscle fiber is fast oxidative glycolytic/intermediate? which type if fast glycolytic?
- intermediate: IIA
- IIB
108
physiological cross-sectional area is measured ___________ to orientation of muscle fibers & the amount of force is directly proportional to # of __________ side by side
- perpendicular
- sarcomeres
109
muscles w/ ___________ cross sections will produce more tension
larger
110
what is the amount of shortening/lengthening that a muscle fiber can do dependent on?
# of sarcomeres
111
what are the 3 layers of muscle connective tissue starting from the outside?
epimysium, perimysium, endomysium
112
which type of fascia contributes to mobility of skin & acts as insulator?
superficial
113
which type of fascia attach to muscle/bone & can form tracts, bands, or retinaculae?
deep
114
passive elastic component is when passive tension & stiffness is added through parallel (connective tissues) & series (_________) elastic components
tendons
115
which type of tension is developed in parallel elastic components of muscle (stretching the muscle)?
passive
116
active tension is developed by contractile elements of muscle & is initiated by what?
cross bridge formation
117
what is the optimal sarcomere length at which muscle fiber can develop max tension?
1.2 x resting length
118
active insufficiency is decreased force capability due to shortened state of ____________ & is influences by ___________ state of antagonist (ex: wrist flex/extend)
- agonist
- lengthened
119
for concentric, as force development increases, velocity of contraction will ____________
decrease
120
for isometric where force if greater than concentric, what is the value of contractile velocity?
0
121
for eccentric, as force development increases, velocity of contraction will also ____________
increase
122
concentric: shortening contraction, ____________ work
positive
123
eccentric: lengthening contraction, ____________ work
negative
124
what type of muscle action has constant angular velocity & changing torque through ROM?
isokinetic
125
what is the term for when proximal segment moves while distal segment remains stationary?
reverse action
126
what is the term for prime mover?
agonist
127
what is the term for opposite action (usually reciprocal inhibition inhibits, but co-contraction can occur to provide stability)?
antagonist
128
what is the term for muscles that help agonists?
synergist
129
if distal attachment lies close to joint axis, which type of motion is it most likely?
rotation
130
if distal attachment lies away from joint axis, which type of motion is it most likely?
compression/stability
131
passive insufficiency is when ____________ is not long enough to permit full ROM of all joints
antagonist
132
passive tension provides a ____________ (tendon action)
tenodesis
133
what are the sensory receptors that affect muscle function?
- golgi tendon organs
- muscle spindle
134
what are the stretch reflexes that affect muscle function?
- deep tendon reflex
- muscle spindle reflex
135
short position of immobilization ____________ # of sacromeres & ____________ sarcomere length
- decreases
- increases
136
in which position is perimysium, endomysium, collagen conc, connective tissue, & atrophy increased?
short
137
long position of immobilization ____________ # of sacromeres & ____________ sarcomere length
- increases
- decreases
138
long position leads to hypertrophy then... ____________
atrophy
139
what type of muscle injury occurs w/ eccentric exercise?
delayed-onset muscle soreness
140
overuse & repetitive trauma leads to inflammation esp at ____________ unit
musculotendinous
