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Movement Science Exam 1 > Lecture 1 Quizlet cards > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Quizlet cards Flashcards

1
Q

What is kinematics?

A

Kinematics is displacement or motion of a segment without regard to forces that cause movement and is the change of position over time.

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2
Q

List the 5 kinematic variables.

A
  • type
  • location
  • direction
  • magnitude
  • rate
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3
Q

Which type of displacement is linear and has movement of segment in a straight line?

A

Translatory

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4
Q

Which type of displacements are rare in humans?

A
  • on their own
  • translatory
  • rotary
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5
Q

Which type of displacement is angular and has movement of segment around a fixed axis?

A

Rotary

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6
Q

What is another term for fixed axis?

A

Center of rotation

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7
Q

What does the majority of human movement consist of?

A

Translation + rotation

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8
Q

Which type of motion is 2D and the typical joint motion?

A

Curvilinear

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9
Q

Which type of motion is helical axis of motion?

A

3D

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10
Q

Where is the origin of axis located?

A

Center of mass

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11
Q

Axis of motion is ____________ to corresponding plane of movement.

A

Perpendicular

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12
Q

How many directions does motion of a segment occur in?

A

2

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13
Q

If the axis is coronal (x), what is the corresponding plane and direction?

A
  • sagittal
  • flex/extend
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14
Q

If the corresponding plane is transverse, what is the axis and direction?

A
  • vertical (y)
  • IR/ER
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15
Q

If the direction is abduction/adduction, what is the axis and corresponding plane?

A
  • anteroposterior (z)
  • frontal
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16
Q

What is the max degrees of rotation?

A

360

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17
Q

True or False: Speed is displacement per unit of time in a given direction while velocity is regardless of direction.

A

False (other way around)

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18
Q

Which type of velocity does this unit correlate to: m/s?

A

Linear

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19
Q

Which type of velocity does this unit correlate to: deg/sec?

A

Angular

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20
Q

Which type of force is essential for initiation of movement?

A

Internal

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21
Q

When masses of 2 or more segments are combined, where is the new COM vector?

A

Between and in line with original 2 COM vectors

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22
Q

What happens when masses of 2 or more segments are combined but segments are unequal in mass?

A

New COM vector closer to heavier segment

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23
Q

What occurs during composition of forces?

A

Combining 2 or more forces into a single resultant force

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24
Q

Where is COM?

A

Anterior to S2

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25
How can stability be increased in regards to BOS and COM?
- wider BOS - lower COM
26
Which type of equilibrium is when an object moves at constant velocity with no acceleration?
Dynamic
27
Which law states that an object will continue in current motion until a force causes speed or direction to change?
Law of inertia (Newton's 1st)
28
What value of sum of forces or torques causes an object to be accelerating?
Anything greater than 0
29
True or False: There cannot be equilibrium if there's only 1 force.
True
30
Which law states that acceleration of an object is directly proportional to unbalanced forces or torques and inversely proportional to mass or moment of inertia?
Law of acceleration (Newton's 2nd)
31
The moment of inertia is dependent on ___________ of object and distribution of mass.
Size
32
Which type of force system is when 2 or more forces work on the same segment in the same line?
Linear force
33
What is the resultant force of linear force systems?
Sum of magnitudes
34
Which type of force system is when 2 or more forces work on the same segment from different angles?
Concurrent force
35
In the law of reaction (Newton's 3rd), 2 objects touching each other result in what?
Reaction forces
36
True or False: Reaction forces are in the same force system even though the forces are acting on different objects.
False (NEVER)
37
Tensile forces are created by ____________ pulls on the same segment/object and are parallel to which axis of segment/object?
- opposite - long
38
Which type of force is directed away from joint surface to which it's applied?
Joint distraction
39
True or False: Joint distraction forces are parallel to joint surface.
False
40
Which type of force is when 2 body segments are pushed together and touch?
Joint reaction
41
Joint reaction/compression forces are perpendicular and directed _____________ the joint surface.
Toward
42
Which type of force is when the action of force is parallel to contacting surfaces?
Shear
43
What direction is shear force applied in correlation to direction of movement?
Same
44
Which type of force is when the action is parallel to the contact surfaces?
Friction
45
True or False: Friction force can be present without net shear force.
False
46
What direction is friction force applied in correlation to direction of movement?
Opposite
47
Friction force is static until push results in movement in which it becomes ___________.
Kinetic
48
When is the magnitude of friction force the greatest?
Just before the object moves
49
What is the term for isolated force through COM?
Translation
50
What is the term for isolated force not through COM?
Rotation & translation
51
What is the term for 2 equal and opposite forces?
Rotation
52
Force couple is when 2 forces equal in ___________, opposite in direction, parallel, and applied to the same object at different points and always produces what?
- magnitude - torque
53
The ___________ the force or distance between forces, the greater the torque.
Greater
54
What is the term for the shortest perpendicular distance between forces?
Moment arm
55
Which type of force system is when 2 or more forces applied to the same object are parallel to one another?
Parallel force
56
True or False: CW torque is always negative while CCW is always positive.
True
57
What occurs when a 3rd force is added to a force couple?
Rotary & translator equilibrium (bending moments)
58
Torsional moments are rotation of a segment around its ____________ axis.
Long
59
The direction of pull for any muscle is toward where?
Center of muscle
60
When does muscle movement occur in terms of torque?
When muscle torque exceeds opposing torques
61
Pulleys change the direction of the force (pull) without changing the _____________ to increase moment arm and produce greater torque.
Magnitude
62
When is the moment arm longest in knee flexion to extension? How does this relate to torque?
- full knee extension (0 degrees) - more torque needed because gravity is perpendicular to MA (more force)
63
True or False: When force is applied perpendicular to segment, there will be a larger MA compared to 0 or 180 degrees.
True
64
What is the term for any rigid segment that rotates around a fulcrum?
Lever
65
To produce rotation in a lever system, the effort force has to be ____________ than resistance force.
Greater
66
Where is the axis in a 1st class lever?
Between EF & RF
67
How are the axis, RF, & EF arranged in a 2nd class lever system? Who has the larger MA?
- RF between axis & EF - EF
68
How are the axis, RF, & EF arranged in a 3rd class lever system? Who has the larger MA?
- EF between axis & RF - RF
69
Which type of muscle contraction is active shortening?
Concentric
70
Which type of muscle contraction is active lengthening?
Eccentric
71
Which type of muscle contraction has rotational equilibrium (no movement)?
Isometric
72
Which types of lever systems are most common with muscle contractions?
2nd or 3rd
73
What determines the efficiency of the lever?
Lengths of lever arm
74
What is mechanical advantage?
When EA (EF moment arm) / RA (RF moment arm) is greater than 1, it means that less effort is required to move the lever.
75
What is the MAd in 2nd class levers? What does this mean?
>1, smaller EF required
76
Which class levers has less angular displacement & velocity gained?
2nd
77
What is the MAd in 1st & 3rd class levers? What does this mean?
<1, larger EF required
78
Which F is the perpendicular component & rotary? Which is parallel & translatory?
- perp: Fy - par: Fx
79
Which component of muscle force is larger for most muscles?
Fx
80
True or False: Oblique angle of application of opposing force produces less torque than perpendicular.
True
81
What is the formula to calculate rotary force?
Fy x MA

Movement Science Exam 1 (8 decks)

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