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Lecture 2: Peripheral Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three ways to classify receptors:

A
  1. Type of Stimulus they detect
  2. Body Location
  3. Structural Complexity
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2
Q

Name the (5) Receptors Classified by Stimulus

A
  1. Mechanoreceptors
  2. Thermoreceptors
  3. Photoreceptors
  4. Chemoreceptors
  5. Nociceptors
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3
Q

What stimuli do mechanoreceptors respond to? (4)

A

touch, pressure, vibration and stretch

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4
Q

What stimuli do Thermoreceptors respond to?

A

Changes in Temperature

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5
Q

What Stimuli do Photoreceptors Respond to? (1)

A

Light Energy (in the retina)

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6
Q

What Stimulus does Chemoreceptors Respond to?

A

Chemicals (smell, taste, and changes in blood chemistry)

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7
Q

What Stimuli do Nociceptors respond to?

A

Pain Causing Stimuli (extreme pressure or extreme heat)

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8
Q

Name the 3 Receptors classified by Location

A

1.Exteroceptors
2.Interoceptors
3.Proprioceptors

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9
Q

What Stimuli do Exteroceptors Respond to?

A

Stimuli that arises outside of the body
touch, pressure, pain and temperature

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10
Q

Where are Exteroceptors Found?

A

In the Skin (touch, pressure, Pain and temperature)
Most ‘Special’ Organs

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11
Q

What stimuli does interoceptors respond to?

A

Internal Viscera and Blood Vessels such chemical changes, tissue stretch, and temp changes

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12
Q

Does someone feel when interceptors are responding to stimuli?

A

Not usually, can at times cause some discomfort

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13
Q

What Stimuli does Proprioceptors respond to?

A

stretch

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14
Q

Where are Proprioceptors found?

A

Internal Viscera, muscles, tendons and joints

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15
Q

What is the purpose of Proprioceptors?

A

Informs the Brain of the body’s movements

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16
Q

What are the two types of classifications for receptors based on structure?

A
  1. Non encapsulated (free) nerve endings
  2. Encapsulated Nerve Endings
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17
Q

Describe nonencapsulated (free) nerve ending and where are they found

A

free nerve endings of sensory neurons
modified free nerve endings like epithelial tactile complexes and merkel disc
hair follicle receptors

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18
Q

Describe encapsulated nerve ending and where are they found?

A
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19
Q

What are 2 things survival depends on?

A

Sensation - awareness of changes in the environment
Perception - the conscious interpretation of those stimuli

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20
Q

What is the Somatosensory system?

A

Part of the sensory system that serves the body wall and limbs.
- Input is relayed toward the head but processed along the way

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21
Q

Where does the Somatosensory System receive input from?

A

Exteroceptors
Propriceptors
Interoceptors

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22
Q

What are the three basic levels of Neural Integration in Sensory Systems?

A
  1. Receptor Level: Sensory receptors
  2. Circuit Level: Processing in ascending pathways
  3. Perceptual Level: processing in cortical sensory area
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23
Q

Describe the structure of a nerve

A

Cord like organ of PNS
Bundle of myelinated and nonmyelinated peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of nerves

A
  1. Spinal Nerve
  2. Cranial Nerve
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25
___ ____ detect muscle stretch and initiate a reflex that resists the stretch
Muscle Spindles
26
How are Nerves classified?
The direction they transmit impulses to
27
Describe Mixed Nerves
Contain both sensory and motor fibers and impulses travel both to and from the CNS
28
Describe Sensory Nerves (afferent)
Send impulses toward the CNS (Think A for Afferent and A for Ascending)
29
Describe Motor (efferent) Nerves
Sends impulses away from the CNS (Think E for efferent and E for Exit)
30
Name the types of fibers in mixed nerves (4)
Somatic Afferent (Sensory from muscle to brain) Somatic Efferent ( Motor from brain to muscle) Visceral Afferent (Sensory from organs to brain) Visceral Efferent (Motor from brain to organ)
31
How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
32
Where do the cranial nerves attach
2 attach to the forebrain 10 attach to the brain stem
33
Name the 2 pure Sensory Cranial Nerve
1. Olfactory (Cranial Nerve I) 2. Optic (Cranial Nerve II)
34
Name the Motor Cranial Nerves
1. Trochlear (Cranial Nerve IV) 2. Abducens (Cranial VI) 3. Accessory (Cranial Nerve XI) 4. Hypolossal (Cranial Nerve XII)
35
Name the Cranial Nerves that mixed
1. Occulomotor (Cranial nerve III) 2. Trigeminal (Cranial Nerve V) 3. Facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII) 4. Vestibulocochlear (Cranial Nerve VIII) 5. Glossopharyngeal Cranial Nerve IX ) 6. vagus (Cranial Nerve X)
36
Name the 12 cranial nerves
Olfactory (I). Facial (VII) Optic (II) Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Occulomotor (III). Glossopharygeal (IX) Trochlear (iv). Vagus (x) Trigeminal(v). Accessory (XI) Abducens (VI). Hypoglossal (XII)
37
Describe Cranial Nerve I - Olfactory Nerve
Sensory nerves of smell Runs from the nasal mucosa to olfactory bulbs Fibers synapse in Olfactory bulb pathway terminates in primary olfactory cortex Purely Sensory (olfactory) function
38
what is Ansomia?
fracture of the ethmoid bone or lesion of olfactory fibers that may result in partial or total loss of smell
39
Describe Cranial Nerve II - Optic Nerve
Arise from the retinas (brain tract) Pass through optic canals, converge and partially cross over at optic chiasma optic tracts continue to the thalamus where they synapse optic radiation fibers run to occipital (visual) cortex) purely sensory
40
What is Anopsias
Visual defects that result from damage to the optic nerve
41
What are the 3 nerves involved in eye movement
1. Oculomotor (III) 2. Trochlear (IV) 3. Abducens (VI)
42
Describe Cranial Nerve III - Oculomotor
Fibers extend from the ventral midbrain to four of six extrinsic eye muscles functions in raising eyelid, directing eyeball, constricting iris (parasympathetic) somatic motor fiber + parasympathetci motor fibers to sphincter pupillae + sesory proprioceptors afferents
43
Describe Cranial Nerve IV - Trochlear
fibers from dorsal to innervate superior oblique muscles primarily motor nerve that directs eyeball crosses the midline
44
Describe Cranial Nerve VI Abducens
fibers from inferior pons enter orbits via superior orbital fissures primarily a motor innervating lateral recust muscle
45
Describe Cranial Nerve V. Trigeminal
LARGEST CRANIAL NERVE: Fibers extend from pons to face 3 divisions 1. ophthalmic V1 2. Maxillary V2 3. Mandibular (V3) Conveys sensory impulses from various areas of face and supplies motor fibers for mastication
46
Describe Cranial Nerve VII - Facial
Cranial Nerve VII, also known as the Facial Nerve, is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression, transmitting taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and providing some functions related to salivary and lacrimal glands.
47
Describe cranial nerve VIII vestibulocochlear
Cranial Nerve VIII, or the Vestibulocochlear Nerve, is responsible for hearing and balance. It has two components: the cochlear nerve, which transmits sound information from the cochlea, and the vestibular nerve, which conveys information about balance from the inner ear.
48
Describe Cranial Nerve IX - Glossopharyngeal
Cranial Nerve IX, known as the Glossopharyngeal Nerve, has functions related to taste and sensation from the posterior one-third of the tongue, as well as contributing to the gag reflex and innervating the parotid salivary gland.
49
Describe Cranial Nerve X Vagus Nerve
Cranial Nerve X, or the Vagus Nerve, is a mixed nerve that innervates structures in the neck, thorax, and abdomen. It plays a crucial role in autonomic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract, and is involved in sensations from the throat and voice box.
50
Describe cranial nerve XI - Accessory Nerves
Cranial Nerve XI, known as the Accessory Nerve, primarily controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, facilitating head movement and shoulder elevation.
51
Describe Cranial Nerve XII - Hypoglossal
Cranial Nerve XII, or the Hypoglossal Nerve, is responsible for controlling the movements of the tongue, which is essential for speech and swallowing.
52
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
53
The spinal nerves supply all body parts but the head and part of the neck
True
54
How many cervical nerves are there?
8 C1 -- C8
55
How many pairs of Thoracic Nerves are there?
12 T1-T12
56
How many pairs of lumbar nerves are there?
5 L1-l5
57
How many pairs of sacral Nerves?
5 S1-S5
58
What is the Ganglia
Contain neuron cells bodies associated with nerves in the PNS
59
What is the concept of adaptation?
The concept of adaptation in sensory perception refers to the process by which sensory receptors become less sensitive to constant or unchanging stimuli over time, allowing the nervous system to focus on changes in the environment.
60
Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
The spinal cord is a cylindrical structure that extends from the base of the brain down the vertebral column. It is composed of gray matter, which contains neuronal cell bodies, and white matter, which consists of myelinated axons. The spinal cord is divided into segments corresponding to the vertebrae and is protected by the vertebral column and meninges.
61
Both Sensation and Perception occur in the Brain. True or False
True
62
What type of receptors makes up most of the receptors of the special senses?
Exteroceptors
63
Another name for Interoceptors is ___
Visceroceptors
64
What kind of sensory receptors can provide information for autonomic control without requiring conscious awareness
Interoceptors
65
Both interoceptors and proprioceptors respond to external stimuli True or False
False Both interoceptors and proprioceptors respond to internal stimuli

ANP1106 (10 decks)

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