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neuro 80 > lecture 2 neuroanatomy > Flashcards

lecture 2 neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

superior

A

above body

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2
Q

inferior

A

below body

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3
Q

caudal

A

toward tail

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4
Q

rostral

A

toward nose

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5
Q

dorsal

A

toward back

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6
Q

ventral

A

toward belly/front

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7
Q

lateral

A

away from middle

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8
Q

medial

A

toward middle

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9
Q

contralateral

A

opposite sides

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10
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side

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11
Q

what is the cns made of

A

brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

what is the cns made of

A

cranial and spinal nerves that branch out from brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs

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13
Q

what are the functions of the pns

A

sensory, motor

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14
Q

two parts of autonomic motor function in pns

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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15
Q

autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic/sympathetic function)

A

controls internal milieu like peristalsis of stomach, heart rate, blood pressure, pupil dilation, salivation, etc)

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16
Q

difference of sympathetic or parasympathetic

A

sympathetic (fight or flight, purpose is selective energy expenditure for intense activity)
parasympathetic (rest and digest, purpose is to reduce energy expense and build reserves)

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17
Q

location of ganglia in cns and pns

A

cns (close to target organ)
pns (far from target organ)

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18
Q

what is a ganglion

A

cluster of cell bodies

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19
Q

why is white matter white

A

myelinated axons

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20
Q

what are the parts of the brain stem

A

medulla, pons

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21
Q

midbrain function

A

auditory and visual center like eye movement

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22
Q

cerebellum

A

muscle and reflex coordination, balance, fine motor movements

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23
Q

parts of diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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24
Q

thalamus function

A

sensory and motor relay

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25
Q

hypothalamus function

A

controls hormone system and keeps homeostasis

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26
Q

cerebrum

A

where thinking takes place, also known as neocortex

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27
Q

gyri

A

bumps

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28
Q

sulci

A

valleys

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29
Q

fissures

A

deep groove

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30
Q

central sulcus

A

deep fissure between frontal and parietal lobe

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31
Q

basal ganglia

A

initiation and execution of movement

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32
Q

huntingtons

A

loss of neurons in area of basal ganglia, uncontrollable movement

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33
Q

parkinsons

A

loss of neurons with dopamine, causes tremors and hard to move

34
Q

amygdala

A

controls fear and emotion

35
Q

hippocampus

A

in temporal lobe, controls memory

36
Q

grey vs white matter

A

grey: has neuronal cell bodies, synapses, dendrites
white: made of myelinated axons, connects areas of nervous system and allows communication from grey matter and neurons to rest of body

37
Q

histological mapping

A

neuron shape and arrangement means functional differences

38
Q

functional mapping

A

lesion studies, might need fmri, dbs, direct recording

39
Q

dbs

A

deep brain stimulation, can help depression or parkinsons

40
Q

4 lobes of cerebral cortex

A

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

41
Q

frontal lobe function

A

personality, decision making, executive functioning
has brocas area

42
Q

temporal lobe functioning

A

language, hearing, memory
has wernickes area

43
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensation

44
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual information

45
Q

wernickes area (fluent)

A

can’t process language, so speaks but doesnt make sense
temporal lobe (language comprehension)

46
Q

brocas area (nonfluent)

A

can process language but speech is impaired
frontal lobe (impairs motor planning so cant form words)

47
Q

coronal slice of brain

A

think of stick given to queen during coronation (standing up, can see from side piece)

48
Q

horizonal slice of brain

A

pizza (flat slice)

49
Q

sagittal slice

A

hot dog (looking from side)

50
Q

what is the pns made of

A

nerves (bundles of axons) and ganglia
can be divided into sensory and motor parts

51
Q

what does the motor component of the pns do

A

carries signals from cns to skeletal muscles (via somatic motor system) or smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands (autonomic motor system)

52
Q

what are meninges

A

the three layers of membranes that cushion and protect the brain

53
Q

what are the two hemispheres and what connects them

A

left and right, connected by tracts of axons (white matter)

54
Q

lateral sulcus

A

also called sylvian fissure, divides frontal and parietal lobe from temporal lobe

55
Q

angle between forebrain and brainstem

A

120 degrees

56
Q

anterior

A

near front

57
Q

posterior

A

back

58
Q

what is a stroke

A

blood clot that occludes blood vessel stopping flow of blood into brain, or blood vessel bursts
causes neurons to die
if caught early can stop long lasting damage

59
Q

role of autonomic nervous system

A

regulates involuntary physiological processes like respiration and cardiac activity

60
Q

cell structure unique to neurons

A

synaptic vesicles

61
Q

where does a neuron primarily receive input

A

dendrite

62
Q

can each neuron type be identified by expression of a single gene

A

no

63
Q

nerves

A

(bundles of axons)

64
Q

ganglia

A

(clusters of neuronal cell bodies)

65
Q

what information do sensory neurons with cell bodies in a dorsal root ganglion carry

A

somatosensory information: touch, vibration, proprioception (where your limbs and joints are positioned in space), temperature, itch, and even pain information from your body to the central nervous system.

66
Q

gyri

A

bumps

67
Q

sulci

A

groves

68
Q

The temporal lobe lies blank to the sylvian fissue

A

ventral

69
Q

hippocampus

A

embedded deep within the temporal lobe and is critical in memory and spatial
navigation (works with memory)

70
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus and
hypothalamus

71
Q

brain stem

A

controls our vital functions (breathing,
heart rate, etc.) and conveying motor and
sensory information to and from the periphery

72
Q

Briefly state the role of the autonomic nervous system and describe the opposing effects of the
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A
73
Q

Know the major functions the location of: the four major lobes of the forebrain (cerebral cortex), the
diencephalon(thalamus and hypothalamus), brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord

A

frontal
occipital
temporal
parietal

thalamus
hypothalamus

pons
medulla oblongata
midbrain

cerebellum
spinal cord

74
Q

Apply the anatomic directional terms: dorsal/ventral, rostral/caudal, medial/lateral to diagrams of
the brain or spinal cord.

A
75
Q

Why is there retrograde transport in axons

A

Signals from periphery (trophic factors) need to get back to soma; recharge certain
organelles (e.g. mitochondria)

76
Q

Why do dendrites of different types of neurons have such specific
dendritic shapes?

A

Shape allows collection of input from axons that may be spatially organized (e.g.
parallel fibers is cerebellum

77
Q

what is the nervous system’s two main parts

A

pns and cns

78
Q

what’s cns made of

A

brain and spinal cord

79
Q

what kinds of neurons is the pns made of

A

motor neurons (cns to muscles and glands) and sensory neurons (sensory organs to cns)

80
Q

what nervous systems do motor neurons make up

A

somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary)
–autonomic has sympathetic and parasympathetic

81
Q

What are the key differences between the Neuronal Doctrine and the Reticular Theory

A

Neuronal doctrine (championed by Ramon y Cajal) stated that the nervous system was composed of
discrete parts (neurons) while the Reticular Theory (championed by Golgi) stated that the nervous
system was a continuous network without individual cells and chemical synapses

neuro 80 (25 decks)

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