lecture 2 neuroanatomy Flashcards
superior
above body
inferior
below body
caudal
toward tail
rostral
toward nose
dorsal
toward back
ventral
toward belly/front
lateral
away from middle
medial
toward middle
contralateral
opposite sides
ipsilateral
same side
what is the cns made of
brain and spinal cord
what is the cns made of
cranial and spinal nerves that branch out from brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs
what are the functions of the pns
sensory, motor
two parts of autonomic motor function in pns
sympathetic and parasympathetic
autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic/sympathetic function)
controls internal milieu like peristalsis of stomach, heart rate, blood pressure, pupil dilation, salivation, etc)
difference of sympathetic or parasympathetic
sympathetic (fight or flight, purpose is selective energy expenditure for intense activity)
parasympathetic (rest and digest, purpose is to reduce energy expense and build reserves)
location of ganglia in cns and pns
cns (close to target organ)
pns (far from target organ)
what is a ganglion
cluster of cell bodies
why is white matter white
myelinated axons
what are the parts of the brain stem
medulla, pons
midbrain function
auditory and visual center like eye movement
cerebellum
muscle and reflex coordination, balance, fine motor movements
parts of diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
thalamus function
sensory and motor relay
hypothalamus function
controls hormone system and keeps homeostasis
cerebrum
where thinking takes place, also known as neocortex
gyri
bumps
sulci
valleys
fissures
deep groove
central sulcus
deep fissure between frontal and parietal lobe
basal ganglia
initiation and execution of movement
huntingtons
loss of neurons in area of basal ganglia, uncontrollable movement
parkinsons
loss of neurons with dopamine, causes tremors and hard to move
amygdala
controls fear and emotion
hippocampus
in temporal lobe, controls memory
grey vs white matter
grey: has neuronal cell bodies, synapses, dendrites
white: made of myelinated axons, connects areas of nervous system and allows communication from grey matter and neurons to rest of body
histological mapping
neuron shape and arrangement means functional differences
functional mapping
lesion studies, might need fmri, dbs, direct recording
dbs
deep brain stimulation, can help depression or parkinsons
4 lobes of cerebral cortex
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
frontal lobe function
personality, decision making, executive functioning
has brocas area
temporal lobe functioning
language, hearing, memory
has wernickes area
parietal lobe
sensation
occipital lobe
visual information
wernickes area (fluent)
can’t process language, so speaks but doesnt make sense
temporal lobe (language comprehension)
brocas area (nonfluent)
can process language but speech is impaired
frontal lobe (impairs motor planning so cant form words)
coronal slice of brain
think of stick given to queen during coronation (standing up, can see from side piece)
horizonal slice of brain
pizza (flat slice)
sagittal slice
hot dog (looking from side)
what is the peripheral nervous system made of
nerves (bundles of axons) and ganglia
can be divided into sensory and motor parts
what does the motor component of the pns do
carries signals from cns to skeletal muscles (via somatic motor system) or smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands (autonomic motor system)
what are meninges
the three layers of membranes that cushion and protect the brain
what are the two hemispheres and what connects them
left and right, connected by tracts of axons (white matter)
lateral sulcus
also called sylvian fissure, divides frontal and parietal lobe from temporal lobe
angle between forebrain and brainstem
120 degrees
anterior
near front
posterior
back
what is a stroke
blood clot that occludes blood vessel stopping flow of blood into brain, or blood vessel bursts
causes neurons to die
if caught early can stop long lasting damage
role of autonomic nervous system
regulates involuntary physiological processes like respiration and cardiac activity
cell structure unique to neurons
synaptic vesicles
where does a neuron primarily receive input
dendrite
can each neuron type be identified by expression of a single gene
no
nerves
(bundles of axons)
ganglia
(clusters of neuronal cell bodies)
what information do sensory neurons with cell bodies in a dorsal root ganglion carry
somatosensory information: touch, vibration, proprioception (where your limbs and joints are positioned in space), temperature, itch, and even pain information from your body to the central nervous system.
gyri
bumps
sulci
groves
The temporal lobe lies blank to the sylvian fissue
ventral
hippocampus
embedded deep within the temporal lobe and is critical in memory and spatial
navigation (works with memory)
diencephalon
thalamus and
hypothalamus
brain stem
controls our vital functions (breathing,
heart rate, etc.) and conveying motor and
sensory information to and from the periphery
Briefly state the role of the autonomic nervous system and describe the opposing effects of the
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Know the major functions the location of: the four major lobes of the forebrain (cerebral cortex), the
diencephalon(thalamus and hypothalamus), brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
frontal
occipital
temporal
parietal
thalamus
hypothalamus
pons
medulla oblongata
midbrain
cerebellum
spinal cord
Apply the anatomic directional terms: dorsal/ventral, rostral/caudal, medial/lateral to diagrams of
the brain or spinal cord.
Why is there retrograde transport in axons
Signals from periphery (trophic factors) need to get back to soma; recharge certain
organelles (e.g. mitochondria)
Why do dendrites of different types of neurons have such specific
dendritic shapes?
Shape allows collection of input from axons that may be spatially organized (e.g.
parallel fibers is cerebellum
what is the nervous system’s two main parts
pns and cns
what’s cns made of
brain and spinal cord
what kinds of neurons is the pns made of
motor neurons (cns to muscles and glands) and sensory neurons (sensory organs to cns)
what nervous systems do motor neurons make up
somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary)
–autonomic has sympathetic and parasympathetic
What are the key differences between the Neuronal Doctrine and the Reticular Theory
Neuronal doctrine (championed by Ramon y Cajal) stated that the nervous system was composed of
discrete parts (neurons) while the Reticular Theory (championed by Golgi) stated that the nervous
system was a continuous network without individual cells and chemical synapses
