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neuro 80 > lecture 1 cells of nervous system > Flashcards

lecture 1 cells of nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Fmri vs mri functions

A

fmri (functional magnetic resonance imaging) allows you to see the rate of blood flow to certain parts of the brain. mri (magnetic resonance imaging) allows you to see detailed images of internal structures in the body

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2
Q

types of nervous system (in terms of studying)

A

systems (visual, motor, autonomic)
cells (neurons and their parts)
molecules (gene product)

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3
Q

central dogma of molecular biology

A

genes created in dna are transcribed into mrna then translated into proteins

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4
Q

why is protein important

A

it’s needed as building blocks for muscles, repairing tissue, for oxygenating blood (hemoglobin), making digestive enzymes, regulating protein, and more

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5
Q

what is in situ hybridization

A

assays used to reveal which mrna is being translated (so which genes are being expressed)

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6
Q

how is dna packaged

A

wraps around histone octamers (chromatin) then condenses into chromosomes

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7
Q

how many chromosomes do we have

A

23 pairs (46)

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8
Q

difference between major and minor groove

A

major has more information and can differentiate between nucleotides actg

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9
Q

how do transcription factors identify base pairs to start transcribing

A

major and minor grooves

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10
Q

most known transcription factor

A

tata box

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11
Q

process to make mature mrna

A

cap tail splice

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12
Q

what enzyme needs to be recruited by transcription factors

A

rna polymerase, to start synthesizing mrna

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13
Q

what are the cap and tail of mature mrna made of

A

adenine

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14
Q

what must be spliced out before mrna can leave the nucleus

A

introns

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15
Q

where must the mature mrna go to be translated into protein

A

ribosomes

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16
Q

how many amino acids are there

A

20

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17
Q

how long is a codon

A

three nucleotides

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18
Q

start and stop codons

A

aug (methionine) and uag/uga/aaa

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19
Q

how do trna charge

A

covalent coupling of amino acid to respective trna in enzyme synthetase (with help of atp)

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20
Q

steps of translation

A

1) trna charging
2) charged trna enters binding site in ribosome
3) peptide bond formed between amino acids
4) ribosome translocates to next codon

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21
Q

what is the golgi stain

A

made by camillo golgi, first technique to reveal full neurons

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22
Q

who is santiago ramon y cajal

A

neuroscientist who used golgi stain to identify different cell types in cerebellum

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23
Q

neural doctrine vs reticular theory

A

neural doctrine: neurons are discrete cellular units
reticular theory: neurons are part of a net-like structure of an interconnected network, no individual cellular entities

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24
Q

what is a cell

A

basic structural unit of life

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25
Q

parts of a cell

A

nucleus (has dna)
mitochondria (makes energy)
golgi apparatus (sorts proteins) and makes vesicles (transports proteins)
ribosomes (make proteins)
lysosomes (destroys proteins)
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (makes lipids)
peroxisomes (destroys lipids)

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26
Q

what parts of a cell does the nerve cell have

A

nucleus
mitochondria
rough endoplasmic reticulum
ribosomes
*only cells with synaptic vesicles

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27
Q

features of a neuron

A

excitability
compartmentalization (soma, dendrites, axon)
synaptic connections
post-mitotic

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28
Q

what is dynamic polarization

A

information is received by the dendrites (through synapses), integrated by the axon, and conducted by the axon before being sent out again

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29
Q

dendrite look and function

A

relatively short, has spines, many of them

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30
Q

axon look and function

A

only one comes from soma, can be quite long, no spines, cant make protein
sometimes myelinated
has caliber (how wide) and wider caliber=faster conduction
axoplasmic transport

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31
Q

types of axoplasmic transport

A

anterograde (toward axon)
retrograde (away from axon)

32
Q

proteins used in axoplasmic transport

A

dynein (retrograde) and kinesin (anterograde)

33
Q

what is a synapse

A

junction between two neurons that allows transmission of electrical nerve impulse

34
Q

parts of synapse

A

presynaptic: axon of neuron
postsynaptic: dendrite of another neuron

35
Q

process of synapse

A

presynaptic axon terminal has synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters
vesicles dumped into extracellular space
navigate and attach to receptors on postsynaptic dendrite (or soma)

36
Q

what are glial cells

A

supporting cells that are smaller than neurons but outnumber them

37
Q

types of glial cells

A

astrocytes (form blood brain barrier
myelinating (oligodendrocytes in cns, schwann cells in pns)
microglia (clean up debris from sites of damage)

38
Q

why is there retrograde transport

A

possibly to recharge mitochondria

39
Q

what are parts of soma

A

mitochondria
cytoskeleton
ribosomes
golgi apparatus

40
Q

where are proteins synthesized in a neuron

A

soma (has extra rer)

41
Q

features of an axon

A

highly branched, long, thick, sometimes myelinated
comes out from soma
cant make proteins
makes up most of neuron volume
higher caliber=better conduction

42
Q

what do motor proteins do

A

kinesin holds onto the anterograde cargo and “walks” it across microtubule
dynein does the same the other way

43
Q

types of transport, most effective in terms of speed

A

electrical signals are faster- diffusion would take years!

44
Q

nerve terminal function

A

axon terminal makes synaptic contact with dendrites of other neurons to share information

45
Q

why do dendrites have spines

A

give wider net to catch synapse

46
Q

difference between glial cell and neuron

A

smaller, more of them, can replicate, unexcitable, only few types

47
Q

nissl stain made of what, and what is the function

A

nissl bodies made of rer
used to stain nucleus and look at structure

48
Q

what is gene expression

A

types of genes transcribed and where

49
Q

what is cytosol

A

protein rich intracellular fluid that fills the cell

50
Q

what do mitochondrion do

A

energy stored in glucose bonds broken down to form atp in oxygen dependent reactions

51
Q

what is a neurite

A

neuronal process that comes out of cell body (dendrite and axon)

52
Q

what do microtubules do

A

provide structural support and mechanism for transport since axons are so long

53
Q

what is the axon initial segment

A

site of action potential initiation

54
Q

what is myelin made of and what does it do

A

made from glial cells (depending on cns or pns which type
sheathes axons with layers of glial cells to stop electrical current leakage
increases speed axons can send signals
makes white matter

55
Q

what are motor neurons

A

neurons that innervate (supply) muscles

56
Q

what are sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry sensory info from the periphery

57
Q

types of axon length

A

projection neurons (long, connect one part of brain to another)
interneurons (short, connect locally)

58
Q

fmri

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging

59
Q

Cytosol

A

the protein rich liquid that fills the cell, also referred to as intracellular fluid (oppose to
extracellular fluid, that surrounds the cell).

60
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A

a system of membrane stacks with many ribosomes
attached. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for the synthesis of proteins and is enriched in neurons with long axons compared to other cell types.

61
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

organelle consisting of many folded membranes and vesicles that is
involved in the secretion and transport of proteins

62
Q

Mitochondria

A

organelles involved in energy production. Within a mitochondrion, the energy
stored in glucose bonds is broken down to form ATP in oxygen dependent reactions

63
Q

Central Dogma

A

explains how genetic information flows within an organism. DNA is copied into
RNA in a process call transcription, and RNA is used to create proteins in a process called translation

64
Q

Neurite

A

a neuronal process or projection that arises from the cell body, either an axon or a
dendrite

65
Q

Dendrite

A

type of neurite, usually branched and shorter than the axon, that receives much of
the synaptic input to that neuron

66
Q

microtubules

A

provide structural support and provide a mechanism for transport

67
Q

Myelin

A

insulation around some axons composed of layers of glial membrane. Myelin
increases the speed that axons can send information (electrical pulses)

68
Q

Number of “neurites”

A

most neurons have 1 axon and many dendrites extending from off the
cell soma. There are some important exceptions.

The pseudo-unipolar cells that send sensory information (like touch or stretch) seem to have just one long axon with the soma in the middle. (1a axon)

Bipolar cells can be found in the in the eye

69
Q

Astrocyte

A

type of glial cell located in the central nervous system (CNS) which aids in
maintaining the appropriate chemical environment of the brain including formation of the blood brain barrier, transferring nutrients from the blood to the neurons, and removing chemicals from the extracellular fluid surround synapses

70
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

type of glial cell responsible for myelinating axons within the CNS. A single
oligodendrocyte wraps part of its membrane many times around segments of multiple axons

71
Q

Schwann cell

A

type of glial cell responsible for myelinating axons within the peripheral
nervous system (PNS) . A single Schwann cell wraps itself many times around a single segment of one axon.

72
Q

Microglia

A

type of glial cell that has many immune response properties including removal of
cellular debris, modulating local inflammation and influencing neuronal survival

73
Q

Define the neuron doctrine and describe the initial evidence for it

A

answer yourself

74
Q

Understand and apply the law of dynamic polarization to a simple neuronal circuit diagram to predict the direction of the flow of information

A

answer yourself

75
Q

Draw a neuron from memory; label and be able to differentiate all of the neuronal specific parts

A

answer yourself

76
Q

List the main properties and distinguishing characteristics of axons and dendrites

A

answer yourself

77
Q

Define “glial cell” and describe the main classes of glia

A

neuro 80 (25 decks)

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