Lecture 2: Motivation Flashcards
motivation
- ‘the direction and intensity of one’s effort’ (Sage, 1977)
in what directions can we be motivated?
- Can be motivated towards or away from doing something so direction is important
how can the intensity of motivation differ?
- Can have high or low intensity motivation
what are the approaches to motivation?
person centred view (trait) and situational factors both go into participant and situation interaction. this then goes to participant motivation
person centred view
Person centred view = trait view (part of our make up and who we are - personality, needs, interests, goals)
situational factors
Situational factors = state approach (coaching style, environment win-loss ratio)
key study on motivation
Sorrentino and Sheppard (1978)
sample used for Sorrentino and Sheppard (1978) study
44 males and 33 female swimmers
method used for Sorrentino and Sheppard (1978) study
200 yard freestyle time trial
○ Individually and relay team
- Situational factor
○ Swimming alone/part of a relay team
- Personality characteristic - affiliation motivation
○ Degree to which see group involvement as opportunity for social approval
○ Social rejection
object of Sorrentino and Sheppard (1978) study
see whether each swimmer was orientated toward social approval or toward rejection and how their motivational orientation influenced their performance.
findings of Sorrentino and Sheppard study
- Trait and state interact with each other
table:
alone+approval-oriented = lower performance
on team+approval-oriented = best performance
alone+rejection-threatened = best performance
on team+rejection-threatened = lower performance
which theory would you use to answer: Does it matter if we have a choice?
Self-determination theory
who developed self determination theory?
Deci and Ryan (1985, 2000)
focus
extent to which behaviours such as sport and exercise participation undertaken voluntarily (not controlled by external agent such as a coach, or contingency such as rewards).
what does SDT stand for?
self determination theory
what is SDT a general theory of?
○ General theory on what motivates people (as opposed to how).
assumption of SDT?
○ Assumption: humans growth oriented organisms who actively seek optimal challenges and new learning experiences to master.
what is manifested within SDT and how?
○ Inherent tendency for growth is manifested within SDT through the concept of intrinsic motivation.
what does SDT propose?
Proposes we have 3 basic psychological needs
what does Deci and Ryan suggest happens when people experience the 3 basic psychological needs?
○ Proposes we have 3 basic psychological needs: Deci and Ryan suggest when people experience these 3 things, they become more self-determined and able to be intrinsically motivated to pursue that the things that interest them.
3 basic psychological needs in SDT
§ Autonomy
§ Relatedness
§ Competence
autonomy
§ Autonomy: people need to feel in control of own behaviours and goals.
relatedness
Relatedness: people need to experience a sense of belonging and attachment to other people.
competence
§ Competence: people need to gain mastery of tasks and learn different skills.
intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation: participation in sport that is inherently pleasurable when effort is based on enjoyment of competition, excitement, or the desire to learn and improve.
extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation: when sport involvement is driven by trophies, ribbons, salaries or scholarships, or the approval of others.
amotivation
Amotivation: relative absence (inherent lack) of motivation
what does SDT say athletes are driven by?
○ Athletes driven mainly by personal goals and achievements rather than financial incentives.
But competing against and defeating an opponent is still important for some.
what are the perceived locus’ of causality on the continuum proposed by Deci and Ryan?
intrinsic motivation integrated motivation identified regulation introjected regulation external regulation amotivation
what are the extrinsic motivation locus of causality on Deci and Ryan’s continuum?
integrated regulation
identified regulation
introjected regulation
external regulation