Lecture 2: Models Of Depression Flashcards
What is the lifetime prevalence of MDD
16.6%
What 3 cognitive deficits is depression often associated with
Executive functioning, working memory and processing speed
In what 4 domains do cognitive biases exist
- biased self-referential processing; presence of negative self-schemas
- attentional biases; bias towards sad/angry faces or stimuli, specifically when the stimuli are presented longer
- interpretation bias; lack of positive interpretation bias and ability to identify subtle happy emotional expressions
- memory bias; specifically in explicit memory, recall more overgeneral positive autobiographical memories
What cognitive emotion regulation strategies are or are not associated with depression
- higher levels of rumination are associated with higher levels of depression
- individuals with depression are less likely to use distraction as an emotion regulation strategy
- individuals with depression are less likely to use reappraisal as a strategy or do it less frequently
What are 3 theories that implicated this knowledge and describe them
- Response styles theory of rumination; individuals differ in their response to negative mood states and certain response styles (rumination in particular) exacerbate depressed mood and negative cognition —> Nolen-Hoeksema
- Deficits in cognitive control are central to both cognitive biases and cognitive regulation strategies, difficulty inhibiting access of negative info into working memory and removing irrelevant negative content underlie both rumination and problems disengaging attention from negative info, negative content is preferentially stored in long-term memory which explains the negative memory bias —> Joormann
- Impaired disengagement hypothesis; Difficulties in attentional disengagement underlie the decreased use of adaptive emotion regulation strategies including reappraisal and distraction —> Koester et al.
What are 3 important models of depression and explain them
- Seligmans Learned Helplessness Theory; bad event + perceived uncontrollability leads to a feelings of helplessness which leads to a certain explanatory style of events
- Beck’s Cognitive Model; (early) learning experiences lead to dysfunctional schemata and core beliefs, when a critical incident then happens this leads to maladaptive beliefs/activation of assumptions which leads to negative automatic thoughts which leads to depression
- William’s et al. Cognitive Framework; automatic priming is biased towards detection of anxiety-relevant stimuli/situations, subsequent elaborative processes are biased away from the processing of threat
What are the 3 dimensions of explanatory styles of Seligmans model and what do they entail
- internal vs external; cause is either due to something to do with the individual or to do with others/circumstances
- stable vs unstable; cause would either recur for future similar events or not
- global vs specific; cause either influences only one area of the individuals life or more
What was the helplessness theory called when it was revised for the second time and what were the 3 key differences
Hopelessness theory
- only requires occurrence of negative events rather than uncontrollable ones
- further de-emphasizes the lack of control and places it on perceived negativity
- low self-esteem is now seen to derive from internal-stable-global attributional style and stable-global leads to chronicity of depressive deficits
What are the 2 components of Beck’s theory from which the general therapeutic approach is derived
- Types of cognitive structures that underlie the emotional disorders; negative triad: negative beliefs about self, world and future
—> only activated when stressors occur - Types of cognitive processes that are involved in onset/maintenance of the disorders; evidence-seeking behavior to validate negative automatic thoughts —> logical distortions = magnification of negative things related to self, minimisation of posting things related to self and personalisation of any negative things
What are the 2 types of depression prone individuals
- sociotropic = dysfunctional beliefs are centered around dependency on others
- autonomous = highly goal-oriented, distance themselves form others
What are the 2 most important aspects of Williams model
- priming
- elaborations
What is over general memory and what 3 things does it lead to
= Difficulty in voluntarily retrieving specific autobiographical memories —> individuals with depression tend to recall more overgeneral memories when stimuli are self-relevant
1. Delayed retrieval of positive memories rather than speeded retrieval of negative memories
2. Ineffective problems solving skills
3. Limits the ability to repair negative mood
What is the differential activation hypothesis
Vulnerability is not based on dysfunctional attitudes but on the ease with which they are activated when a mild negative mood (“dip”) happens
Imagery rescripting
Changing the event itself; try to reimagine the trauma, try to relive it and change the meaning —> makes the impact of negative memory easier to bear
What is cognitive control related to (3)
Inhibiting, updating and shifting
Difficulty inhibiting and updating negative info in working memory —> linked to rumination and associated with increased reactivity to stress
